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Best Electric Vehicles for 2026, Tested
https://www.caranddriver.com/rankings/best-electric-carsWe've ranked the best electric cars, trucks, and SUVs based on roughly 200 data points encompassing acceleration, handling, comfort, cargo space, fuel ...Read more
[Skip to Content](#main-content) - [SHOP NEW CARS](/new-cars/) - [SHOP USED CARS](/cars-for-sale/) - Research Cars - Expert Reviews - [WHAT’S MY CAR WORTH?](/car-value-estimator?origin=mainmenu) - Expert-Tested Gear - News + Stories  [SUVs SUVs](/rankings/best-suvs)[Hybrids Hybrids](/rankings/best-hybrid-cars)[Crossovers Crossovers](/rankings/best-suvs/crossovers)[Pickup Trucks Pickup Trucks](/rankings/best-pickup-trucks)[Luxury Luxury](/rankings/best-luxury-cars)[EVs EVs](/rankings/best-electric-cars)[Sports Cars Sports Cars](/rankings/best-sports-cars)[Sedans Sedans](/rankings/best-sedans)[Coupes Coupes](/features/g27199030/best-coupes/)[Station Wagons Station Wagons](/rankings/best-station-wagons)[Hatchbacks Hatchbacks](/features/g26594907/best-hatchbacks/)[Convertibles Convertibles](/features/g27198629/convertibles/)[Small Cars Small Cars](/rankings/best-sedans/compact)[Minivans and Vans Minivans and Vans](/rankings/best-vans)[Used Cars Used Cars](/used-car-buying/)  # Best Electric Vehicles If you're trying to decide on the best electric vehicle to buy, you've come to the right place. *Car and Driver*'s rankings are arrived at from the results of our extensive instrumented testing of several hundred vehicles each year and from our expert editors' subjective impressions gained in real-world driving. We've ranked the best electric cars, trucks, and SUVs based on roughly 200 data points encompassing acceleration, handling, comfort, cargo space, fuel efficiency, value, and how enjoyable they are to drive. We take rankings seriously because we want you to know everything about the vehicles that you're interested in. [Sedans and Hatchbacks](#sedans-and-hatchbacks) [SUVs](#suvs) [Pickup Trucks](#pickup-trucks) [Vans](#vans) [By Price](#by-price) ## Sedans and Hatchbacks ### [Best Electric Sedans and HatchbacksChevron Down Icon](/rankings/best-sedans/electric/affordable) Shop the top 3 Shop the top 3 [See Full List](/rankings/best-sedans/electric/affordable) ### [2026 Tesla Model 3](/tesla/model-3) 10 /10 C/D RATING 1  [](/tesla/model-3) Starting at $38,630 [SHOP NEW MODEL 3](/cars-for-sale/new/2026/tesla/model-3) EPA Est. Range 309–363 miles C/D SAYS: The aging Tesla Model 3 practically invented the EV sedan segment, but a steady stream of updates help keep it competitive. [Learn More](/tesla/model-3) ### [2025 Hyundai Ioniq 6](/hyundai/ioniq-6) 9.5 /10 C/D RATING 2  [](/hyundai/ioniq-6) Starting at $39,095 [SHOP NEW IONIQ 6](/cars-for-sale/new/2025/hyundai/ioniq-6) EPA Est. Range 240–342 miles C/D SAYS: The Hyundai Ioniq 6 EV blends solid range estimates and fast-charging capability with a very unique style. [Learn More](/hyundai/ioniq-6) ### [2026 Mercedes-Benz CLA-Class EV](/mercedes-benz/cla-class-ev) 8.5 /10 C/D RATING 3 [](/mercedes-benz/cla-class-ev) Starting at $48,500 [SHOP NEW CLA-CLASS EV](/cars-for-sale/new/electric/2026/mercedes-benz/cla-class) EPA Est. Range 374 miles C/D SAYS: Mercedes-Benz's entry-level model enters its third generation with two electric variants—the single-motor CLA250+ and the dual-motor CLA350. [Learn More](/mercedes-benz/cla-class-ev) [See Full List](/rankings/best-sedans/electric/affordable) ### For Sale Near You See all results for [new 2026 Tesla Model 3 for sale](/cars-for-sale/new/2026/tesla/model-3) near 75098 ### [Best Luxury Electric CarsChevron Down Icon](/rankings/best-sedans/electric/luxury) Shop the top 3 Shop the top 3 [See Full List](/rankings/best-sedans/electric/luxury) ### [2026 Porsche Taycan](/porsche/taycan) 10 /10 C/D RATING 1  [](/porsche/taycan) Starting at $108,050 [SHOP NEW TAYCAN](/cars-for-sale/new/2026/porsche/taycan) EPA Est. Range 251–293 miles C/D SAYS: The Taycan provides one of the best driving experiences in the electric sedan segment — what else would you expect from Porsche? [Learn More](/porsche/taycan) ### [2026 Porsche Taycan Cross Turismo](/porsche/taycan-cross-turismo) 10 /10 C/D RATING 2  [](/porsche/taycan-cross-turismo) Starting at $120,095 [SHOP NEW](/cars-for-sale/new/2026/porsche/taycan) EPA Est. Range 261–277 miles C/D SAYS: Packing plenty of power and room for five and their stuff, the 2026 Porsche Taycan Cross Turismo is a superhero EV that just happens to be a wagon. [Learn More](/porsche/taycan-cross-turismo) ### [2026 Lucid Air](/lucid-motors/air) 10 /10 C/D RATING 3   [](/lucid-motors/air) Starting at $72,400 [SHOP NEW AIR](/cars-for-sale/new/2026/lucid/air) EPA Est. Range 420–480 miles C/D SAYS: The 2026 Lucid Air's big battery pack and lengthy real-world driving range capabilities help EV drivers say goodbye to range anxiety. [Learn More](/lucid-motors/air) [See Full List](/rankings/best-sedans/electric/luxury) ### [Best Electric Performance SedansChevron Down Icon](/rankings/best-sedans/electric/performance) Shop the top 3 Shop the top 3 [See Full List](/rankings/best-sedans/electric/performance) ### [2026 Lucid Air](/lucid-motors/air) 10 /10 C/D RATING 1   [](/lucid-motors/air) Starting at $72,400 [SHOP NEW AIR](/cars-for-sale/new/2026/lucid/air) EPA Est. Range 420–480 miles C/D SAYS: The 2026 Lucid Air's big battery pack and lengthy real-world driving range capabilities help EV drivers say goodbye to range anxiety. [Learn More](/lucid-motors/air) ### [2026 Porsche Taycan](/porsche/taycan) 10 /10 C/D RATING 2  [](/porsche/taycan) Starting at $108,050 [SHOP NEW TAYCAN](/cars-for-sale/new/2026/porsche/taycan) EPA Est. Range 251–293 miles C/D SAYS: The Taycan provides one of the best driving experiences in the electric sedan segment — what else would you expect from Porsche? [Learn More](/porsche/taycan) ### [2026 BMW i4](/bmw/i4) 9.5 /10 C/D RATING 3  [](/bmw/i4) Starting at $59,250 [SHOP NEW I4](/cars-for-sale/new/2026/bmw/i4) EPA Est. Range 278–333 miles C/D SAYS: The BMW i4 Gran Coupe gains a little extra efficiency for 2026. [Learn More](/bmw/i4) [See Full List](/rankings/best-sedans/electric/performance) ### [More Sedans and Hatchbacks RankingsChevron Down Icon](/rankings/best-sedans/electric) [Best Electric Sedans under $60,000](/rankings/best-sedans/electric/under-60k)[Most Affordable Electric Sedans](/rankings/best-sedans/electric/cheapest)[Electric Sedans and Hatchbacks with the Most Cargo Space](/rankings/best-sedans/electric/cargo-space) Advertisement - Continue Reading Below ### Video: EV Buyer's Guide ![Play video](<data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="%23ffffff" viewBox="0 0 256 256">%0A%09<path d="M240,128a15.74,15.74,0,0,1-7.6,13.51L88.32,229.65a16,16,0,0,1-16.2.3A15.86,15.86,0,0,1,64,216.13V39.87a15.86,15.86,0,0,1,8.12-13.82,16,16,0,0,1,16.2.3L232.4,114.49A15.74,15.74,0,0,1,240,128Z">%0A</path></svg>>)  ## SUVs ### [Best Electric Subcompact SUVsChevron Down Icon](/rankings/best-suvs/electric/subcompact) Shop the top 3 Shop the top 3 [See Full List](/rankings/best-suvs/electric/subcompact) ### [2027 Chevrolet Bolt](/chevrolet/bolt) 10 /10 C/D RATING 1  [](/chevrolet/bolt) Starting at $28,995 [SHOP NEW BOLT EV](/cars-for-sale/new/2027/chevrolet/bolt) EPA Est. Range 262 miles C/D SAYS: The Bolt EV is back for 2027, bringing the same affordable efficiency and spunky personality as the first Bolt. [Learn More](/chevrolet/bolt) ### [2026 Nissan Leaf](/nissan/leaf) 9 /10 C/D RATING 2  [](/nissan/leaf) Starting at $31,535 [SHOP NEW LEAF](/cars-for-sale/new/2026/nissan/leaf) EPA Est. Range 259–303 miles C/D SAYS: For the 2026 model year, the Nissan Leaf EV is reimagined as a small SUV with more modern styling, better range, and a nicer interior. [Learn More](/nissan/leaf) ### [2026 Volvo EX30](/volvo/ex30) 8.5 /10 C/D RATING 3 [](/volvo/ex30) Starting at $40,345 [SHOP NEW EX30](/cars-for-sale/new/2026/volvo/ex30) EPA Est. Range 227–261 miles C/D SAYS: The Volvo EX30 is an amusing and simple subcompact EV SUV, giving you everything you need and nothing you don’t. [Learn More](/volvo/ex30) [See Full List](/rankings/best-suvs/electric/subcompact) ### For Sale Near You See all results for [new 2027 Chevrolet Bolt EV for sale](/cars-for-sale/new/2027/chevrolet/bolt-ev) near 75098 ### [Best Electric Compact SUVsChevron Down Icon](/rankings/best-suvs/electric/compact) Shop the top 3 Shop the top 3 [See Full List](/rankings/best-suvs/electric/compact) ### [2026 Hyundai Ioniq 5](/hyundai/ioniq-5) 9.5 /10 C/D RATING 1  [](/hyundai/ioniq-5) Starting at $36,650 [SHOP NEW IONIQ 5](/cars-for-sale/new/2026/hyundai/ioniq-5) EPA Est. Range 245–318 miles C/D SAYS: With decent range, fast charging, and a spacious interior, the 2026 Hyundai Ioniq 5 EV is a versatile tool for navigating modern life. [Learn More](/hyundai/ioniq-5) ### [2026 Hyundai Ioniq 5 N](/hyundai/ioniq-5-n) 9.5 /10 C/D RATING 2  [](/hyundai/ioniq-5-n) Starting at $61,550 [SHOP NEW IONIQ 5 N](/cars-for-sale/new/2026/hyundai/ioniq-5-n) EPA Est. Range 221 miles C/D SAYS: The 2026 Hyundai Ioniq 5 N is as successful in pushing the envelope of EV performance as it is in mimicking the driving experience of an internal-combustion vehicle. [Learn More](/hyundai/ioniq-5-n) ### [2027 Rivian R2](/rivian/r2) 9 /10 C/D RATING 3 [](/rivian/r2) Starting at $49,985 EPA Est. Range 330 miles C/D SAYS: Rivian's future hinges on the more affordable 2027 R2 SUV, which manages to maintain the brand's adventurous ethos despite its lower cost of entry. [Learn More](/rivian/r2) [See Full List](/rankings/best-suvs/electric/compact) ### [Best Electric Mid-Size SUVsChevron Down Icon](/rankings/best-suvs/electric/mid-size) Shop the top 3 Shop the top 3 [See Full List](/rankings/best-suvs/electric/mid-size) ### [2026 Kia EV9](/kia/ev9) 10 /10 C/D RATING 1  [](/kia/ev9) Starting at $56,545 [SHOP NEW EV9](/cars-for-sale/new/2026/kia/ev9) EPA Est. Range 230–304 miles C/D SAYS: Building on its proven three-row electric SUV, the EV9 ramps up the excitement for 2026 with a new high-performance GT model aiming to break 500 horsepower. [Learn More](/kia/ev9) ### [2026 Hyundai Ioniq 9](/hyundai/ioniq-9) 9.5 /10 C/D RATING 2  [](/hyundai/ioniq-9) Starting at $60,605 [SHOP NEW IONIQ 9](/cars-for-sale/new/2026/hyundai/ioniq-9) EPA Est. Range 311–335 miles C/D SAYS: Hyundai joins the mid-size EV SUV space with the fully modern three-row 2026 Ioniq 9. [Learn More](/hyundai/ioniq-9) ### [2026 Subaru Trailseeker](/subaru/trailseeker) 8 /10 C/D RATING 3 [](/subaru/trailseeker) Starting at $41,445 [SHOP NEW TRAILSEEKER](/cars-for-sale/new/2026/subaru/other-subaru-models) EPA Est. Range 274–281 miles C/D SAYS: The Trailseeker joins Subaru's EV lineup, sporting some off-road capability and dressed in a mid-size SUV body with lifted station-wagon proportions. [Learn More](/subaru/trailseeker) [See Full List](/rankings/best-suvs/electric/mid-size) ### [More SUVs RankingsChevron Down Icon](/rankings/best-suvs/electric) [Best Electric Compact Luxury SUVs](/rankings/best-suvs/electric/luxury-compact)[Best Electric Mid-Size Luxury SUVs](/rankings/best-suvs/electric/luxury-mid-size)[Most Affordable Electric SUVs](/rankings/best-suvs/electric/cheapest)[Best Electric SUVs under $45,000](/rankings/best-suvs/electric/under-45k)[Best Electric SUVs Under $50,000](/rankings/best-suvs/electric/under-50k)[Best Electric SUVs Under $60,000](/rankings/best-suvs/electric/under-60k) See more  ## EV FAQs What You Should Know about Electric Cars ### What is an electric vehicle?Image no longer available ### What are the benefits of electric vehicles?Image no longer available ### What is EV range?Image no longer available [](/features/pros-and-cons-electric-cars/) [Pros and Cons of Electric Cars](/features/pros-and-cons-electric-cars/) By Brendan McAleer [](/features/new-ev-models-us/) [Here's Every New Electric Vehicle Model for Sale in the U.S. for 2026](/features/new-ev-models-us/) By Caleb Miller [](/shopping-advice/ev-range-explained/) [EV Range: Everything You Need to Know](/shopping-advice/ev-range-explained/) By Dave VanderWerp Advertisement - Continue Reading Below ## Pickup Trucks ### [Best Electric Pickup TrucksChevron Down Icon](/rankings/best-pickup-trucks/electric) Shop the top 3 Shop the top 3 [See Full List](/rankings/best-pickup-trucks/electric) ### [2026 Rivian R1T](/rivian/r1t) 10 /10 C/D RATING 1  [](/rivian/r1t) Starting at $74,885 [SHOP NEW R1T](/cars-for-sale/new/2026/rivian/r1t) EPA MPG 67–87 combined C/D SAYS: The electric pickup ranks are growing, but the Rivian R1T remains our favorite thanks to its clever packaging, big-truck utility, and stellar performance. [Learn More](/rivian/r1t) ### [2025 Ford F-150 Lightning](/ford/f-150-lightning) 9 /10 C/D RATING 2  [](/ford/f-150-lightning) Starting at $52,375 [SHOP NEW](/cars-for-sale/new/2025/ford/f150-lightning) EPA Est. Range 240–320 miles C/D SAYS: The Lightning shares almost everything but its electric powertrain with gas F-150s, making it as good as and in some ways better than those conventional pickups. [Learn More](/ford/f-150-lightning) ### [2026 Chevrolet Silverado EV](/chevrolet/silverado-ev) 8.5 /10 C/D RATING 3 [](/chevrolet/silverado-ev) Starting at $71,695 [SHOP NEW SILVERADO EV](/cars-for-sale/new/2026/chevrolet/silverado-ev) EPA Est. Range 283–493 miles C/D SAYS: With up to 492 miles of range and competitive payload and towing numbers, the 2026 Chevrolet Silverado EV pickup asks few concessions for going electric. [Learn More](/chevrolet/silverado-ev) [See Full List](/rankings/best-pickup-trucks/electric) ### For Sale Near You See all results for [new 2026 Rivian R1T for sale](/cars-for-sale/new/2026/rivian/r1t) near 75098 Advertisement - Continue Reading Below ## Vans ### [Best Electric VansChevron Down Icon](/rankings/best-vans/electric) Shop the top 3 Shop the top 3 [See Full List](/rankings/best-vans/electric) ### [2025 Volkswagen ID.Buzz Microbus](/volkswagen/id-buzz-microbus) 10 /10 C/D RATING 1   [](/volkswagen/id-buzz-microbus) Starting at $61,545 [SHOP NEW ID.BUZZ](/cars-for-sale/new/2025/volkswagen/id-buzz) EPA Est. Range 231–234 miles C/D SAYS: The 2025 Volkswagen ID.Buzz represents the modern revival of the brand's beloved Microbus and is the first electric minivan on the market. [Learn More](/volkswagen/id-buzz-microbus) ### [2028 Mercedes-Benz VLE-Class EV](/mercedes-benz/vle-class-ev) 9 /10 C/D RATING 2 [](/mercedes-benz/vle-class-ev) Starting at $75,000 est [SHOP NEW VLE-CLASS EV](/cars-for-sale/new/2028/mercedes-benz/other-mercedes-benz-models) EPA Est. Range N/A C/D SAYS: Mercedes-Benz enters the U.S. minivan market for the first time with the electric VLE-class. [Learn More](/mercedes-benz/vle-class-ev) ### [2026 Mercedes-Benz eSprinter](/mercedes-benz/esprinter) 8 /10 C/D RATING 3 [](/mercedes-benz/esprinter) Starting at $61,180 [SHOP NEW ESPRINTER](/cars-for-sale/new/2026/mercedes-benz/esprinter) EPA Est. Range N/A C/D SAYS: The 2026 Mercedes-Benz eSprinter van is an eco-friendly and upscale way to transport goods. [Learn More](/mercedes-benz/esprinter) [See Full List](/rankings/best-vans/electric) Advertisement - Continue Reading Below ## By Price ### [Most Affordable Electric VehiclesChevron Down Icon](/rankings/best-electric-cars/cheapest) Shop the top 3 Shop the top 3 [See Full List](/rankings/best-electric-cars/cheapest) ### [2027 Chevrolet Bolt](/chevrolet/bolt) 10 /10 C/D RATING 1  [](/chevrolet/bolt) Starting at $28,995 [SHOP NEW BOLT EV](/cars-for-sale/new/2027/chevrolet/bolt) EPA Est. Range 262 miles C/D SAYS: The Bolt EV is back for 2027, bringing the same affordable efficiency and spunky personality as the first Bolt. [Learn More](/chevrolet/bolt) ### [2026 Nissan Leaf](/nissan/leaf) 9 /10 C/D RATING 2  [](/nissan/leaf) Starting at $31,535 [SHOP NEW LEAF](/cars-for-sale/new/2026/nissan/leaf) EPA Est. Range 259–303 miles C/D SAYS: For the 2026 model year, the Nissan Leaf EV is reimagined as a small SUV with more modern styling, better range, and a nicer interior. [Learn More](/nissan/leaf) ### [2025 Hyundai Kona Electric](/hyundai/kona-electric) 7.5 /10 C/D RATING 3 [](/hyundai/kona-electric) Starting at $34,470 [SHOP NEW KONA ELECTRIC](/cars-for-sale/new/electric/2025/hyundai/kona) EPA Est. Range 200–261 miles C/D SAYS: One of the more affordable EVs currently available, the Kona Electric packs a ton of features and style for the price. [Learn More](/hyundai/kona-electric) [See Full List](/rankings/best-electric-cars/cheapest) ## How We Test Cars [](/features/a32018270/how-we-test-cars) [A Quick Guide to Car and Driver’s Comprehensive Car Testing](/features/a32018270/how-we-test-cars) For more than 60 years we've been answering the objective questions—How fast? How quick? How much grip?—comprehensively, and with an authority based in experience that our readers have come to rely on. Read on for the full details on how we collect more than 200 data points on the roughly 400 vehicles that we test every year. [Our comprehensive car testing explained](/features/a32018270/how-we-test-cars) Our Car Testing Expert [](/author/3173/dave-vanderwerp/) Dave Vanderwerp Director, Vehicle Testing Dave VanderWerp has spent more than 20 years in the automotive industry, in varied roles from engineering to product consulting, and now leading Car and Driver's vehicle-testing efforts. What We Test [](/features/a32018270/how-we-test-cars/#soundlevel)[Interior Sound Level](/features/a32018270/how-we-test-cars/#soundlevel) [](/features/a32018270/how-we-test-cars/#fueleconomy)[Fuel Economy and Driving Range](/features/a32018270/how-we-test-cars/#fueleconomy) [](/features/a32018270/how-we-test-cars/#performance)[Performance Testing](/features/a32018270/how-we-test-cars/#performance) [](/features/a32018270/how-we-test-cars/#cargo)[Cargo Space and Storage](/features/a32018270/how-we-test-cars/#cargo) [](/features/a32018270/how-we-test-cars/#visibility)[Visibility and Seating Height](/features/a32018270/how-we-test-cars/#visibility) PLUS: Dozens of other vehicle attributes that allow us to holistically review and rate a vehicle. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below
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Electrified
https://www.toyota.com/electrified-vehicles/These all-electric vehicles replace conventional gas engines with battery-powered electric motors that provide smooth and almost instantaneous torque.Read more
 Info ## A Lineup Generating More Possibilities ## The Power of Choice Take charge of your future and choose from Toyota’s diverse range of powertrains. ---  Info Battery EV These all-electric vehicles replace conventional gas engines with battery-powered electric motors that provide smooth and almost instantaneous torque. Their source of power is obtained when you plug them in and charge them up. All Toyota 2026 Battery Electric Vehicles are equipped with a North American Charging System (NACS) charging port, along with separate CCS1 and J1772 adapters, enabling compatibility to most chargers, including the Tesla Supercharger Network. Continue to expand your charging options with our all-electric lineup. ---  Info Plug-In Hybrid EV Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles run just like hybrids, using a combination of fuel and battery-powered electric motor(s), but thanks to their larger battery pack, they can run farther on electric power alone. When your Plug-in Hybrid EV’s battery uses up its charge, it carries on like a regular Hybrid EV, using a combination of gas and energy stored from the vehicle’s battery system to power it. When you’re ready, plug it in to recharge it and return to the efficiency of operating on all-electric power. ---  Info Hybrid EV Hybrid Electric Vehicles start, refuel and handle like the gas-only Toyotas you already know and love—just with better mpg ratings. Even though they run on a combination of gas and battery-powered electric motor(s), they don’t use a plug to charge their battery. Instead, they recycle the kinetic energy captured from the vehicle’s braking motion to recharge on their own. ---  Info Fuel Cell EV Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles use a chemical reaction involving oxygen in the air and hydrogen from their tanks to generate their own electric charge and power the motor. When it comes to tailpipe emissions—nothing but water. To refuel, visit your nearest hydrogen station that utilizes a pump-and- nozzle system to fill up.  Info ## Our Electrified Lineup - Battery EV [](/bz/) As shown: $43,775. 299-Mile Est. Range Rating 2026 bZ Built to move you. Designed to electrify. $34,900 Starting MSRP 314 miles Up to Est. Range Rating [Explore](/bz/) [Build](/configurator/build/step/model/year/2026/series/bz) - Battery EV [](/bzwoodland/) As shown: $45,650 281-Mile Est. Range Rating 2026 bZ Woodland Energize every passion. $45,300 Starting MSRP 281 miles Up to Est. Range Rating [Explore](/bzwoodland/) [Build](/configurator/build/step/model/year/2026/series/bzwoodland) - Battery EV  As shown: $40,500 273-Mile Est. Range Rating 2026 C-HR Stylish, savvy, and ready for what’s next. $37,000 Starting MSRP 287 miles Up to Est. Range Rating [Explore](/c-hr/) [Build](/configurator/build/step/model/year/2026/series/c-hr/) [Explore All Vehicles](/all-vehicles/) [Search Inventory](/search-inventory/#Electrified_list) ## Empowering Benefits  Performance Feel the smooth acceleration, instant torque delivery and quiet drive.  Environmental Reducing CO2 emissions by going fully electric is one way we can lessen our impact on the environment.  Savings All-electric vehicles can bring about potential federal and state incentives. They may also include lower overall service and maintenance costs. #### Empowering Battery EV Benefits -  Performance Feel the smooth acceleration, instant torque delivery and quiet drive. -  Environmental Reducing CO2 emissions by going fully electric is one way we can lessen our impact on the environment. -  Savings Battery EVs can bring about potential federal and state incentives. They may also have lower routine maintenance costs. - Plug-in Hybrid EV [](/priuspluginhybrid/) As shown: $38,000. 47/114 MPG/MPGe Est. Combined Rating 2027 Prius Plug-in Hybrid Thrilling acceleration, flexible fueling and advanced plug-in capabilities. $33,980 Starting MSRP 52/127 Up to Est. Combined MPG/MPGe Rating [Explore](/priuspluginhybrid/) [Build](/configurator/build/step/model/year/2027/series/priuspluginhybrid) - Plug-in Hybrid EV [](/rav4pluginhybrid/2026/) As shown: $49,475. 36/94 MPG/MPGe Est. Combined Rating 2026 RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid Thrilling style. Powerful possibilities. $41,500 Starting MSRP 40/102 Est. Combined MPG/MPGe Rating [Explore](/rav4pluginhybrid/2026/) [Build](/configurator/build/step/model/year/2026/series/rav4pluginhybrid/) [Explore All Vehicles](/all-vehicles/) [Search Inventory](/search-inventory/#Electrified_list) #### Empowering Plug-In Hybrid EV Benefits -  Performance A gas engine and electric motor powertrain seamlessly work together to give you the power you want, when you want it. -  Environmental A fully charged battery pack lets you run longer using only electric power, with zero tailpipe emissions -  Savings Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles can bring about potential incentives. - Hybrid EV [](/corollahybrid/2026/) As shown: $29,290. Up to 47/41 MPG Est. City/Hwy Rating 2026 Corolla Hybrid Reveal the joy in every drive. $24,975 Starting MSRP 53/46 Up to Est. City/Hwy MPG Rating [Explore](/corollahybrid/2026/) [Build](/configurator/build/step/model/year/2026/series/corollahybrid/) - Hybrid EV [](/prius/) As shown: $37,170. 51/45 MPG Est. City/Hwy Rating 2027 Prius Go farther than you thought possible. $28,755 Starting MSRP 59/50 Up to Est. City/Hwy MPG Rating [Explore](/prius/) [Build](/configurator/build/step/model/year/2027/series/prius/) - Hybrid EV [](/camry/2026/) As shown: $35,100. 46/46 MPG Est. City/Hwy Rating 2026 Camry Chase your daily thrills in style. $29,600 Starting MSRP 52/49 Up to Est. City/Hwy MPG Rating [Explore](/camry/2026/) [Build](/configurator/build/step/model/year/2026/series/camry/) - Hybrid EV [](/corollacrosshybrid/) As shown: $35,580 46/39 MPG Est. City/Hwy Rating 2026 Corolla Cross Hybrid Take possibilities even further. $29,795 Starting MSRP 46/39 Est. City/Hwy MPG Rating [Explore](/corollacrosshybrid/) [Build](/configurator/build/step/model/year/2026/series/corollacrosshybrid/) - Hybrid EV [](/rav4/) As shown: $45,140. 44/39 MPG Est. City/Hwy Rating 2026 RAV4 Grab life and go. $31,900 Starting MSRP 44/38 Up to Est. 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City/Hwy MPGe Rating [Explore](/mirai/) [Build](/configurator/build/step/model/year/2026/series/mirai/) [Explore All Vehicles](/all-vehicles/) [Search Inventory](/search-inventory/#Electrified_list) #### Empowering Fuel Cell EV Benefits -  Performance Mirai's premium rear-wheel-drive platform delivers one exciting, zero tailpipe emission drive, with an up to 402-mile EPA-estimated range rating. -  Environmental Mirai runs on hydrogen, and its only by-product is water. -  Savings Complimentary fuel for up to six years or $15,000, whichever comes first, when purchased; or three years or $15,000, whichever comes first, when leased. - [](/vehicles/sequoia/2027/upcoming/) 2027 Sequoia Built for the fearless. [Learn More](/vehicles/sequoia/2027/upcoming/) - [](/vehicles/tundra/2027/upcoming/) 2027 Tundra Designed for your toughest jobs and wildest dreams. [Learn More](/vehicles/tundra/2027/upcoming/) - [](/upcoming-vehicles/highlander/) 2027 Highlander Take on every day with sleek style, modern tech and three rows, now—all-electric. [Learn More](/upcoming-vehicles/highlander/) [Explore All Vehicles](/all-vehicles/) [Search Inventory](/search-inventory/)  Info Discover the savings of going electric. See savings based on your location [#](#) Calculate potential cost savings of home charging compared to fueling up at a gas station, and explore available EV rebates, incentives and added benefits where you live. Click the link below to discover the savings. Calculate Savings MORE TO DISCOVER --- Start Your Electric Journey  ### Warranty & Battery Endurance meets assurance. [Learn More](/electrified-vehicles/warranty/ "Warranty & Battery") Info  ### Beyond Zero Committed to creating a better world. [Learn More](/electrified-vehicles/beyond-zero-vision/ "Beyond Zero")  ### Charging See how charging can be simple and convenient. [Learn More](/electrified-vehicles/charging/ "Charging") Info
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Electric car
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_carAn electric car or electric vehicle (EV) is an automobile that uses electrical energy as the primary source of propulsion. The term normally refers to a plug ...Read more
Car propelled by an electric motor using energy stored in batteries
This article is about electric automobiles. For all types of electric transportation, see [Electric vehicle](/wiki/Electric_vehicle "Electric vehicle").
Modern all-electric cars
[](/wiki/File:IBMTorontoSoftwareLabEVChargers4.jpg)
[Tesla Model 3](/wiki/Tesla_Model_3 "Tesla Model 3")
[](/wiki/File:Nissan_Leaf_2_(45992539055).jpg)
[Nissan Leaf](/wiki/Nissan_Leaf "Nissan Leaf")
[](/wiki/File:Hyundai_Ioniq_5_IMG_4854.jpg)
[Hyundai Ioniq 5](/wiki/Hyundai_Ioniq_5 "Hyundai Ioniq 5")
[](/wiki/File:BMW_i3_AMS_12_2016_0372.jpg)
[BMW i3](/wiki/BMW_i3_(hatchback) "BMW i3 (hatchback)")
[](/wiki/File:The_frontview_of_BYD_Atto_3.jpg)
[BYD Atto 3](/wiki/BYD_Atto_3 "BYD Atto 3")
An **electric car** or **electric vehicle** (**EV**) is an [automobile](/wiki/Passenger_car "Passenger car") that uses [electrical energy](/wiki/Electrical_energy "Electrical energy") as the primary source of [propulsion](/wiki/Propulsion "Propulsion"). The term normally refers to a [plug-in electric vehicle](/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle "Plug-in electric vehicle"), typically a [battery electric vehicle](/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle "Battery electric vehicle") (BEV), which only uses energy stored in [on-board battery packs](/wiki/Electric_vehicle_battery "Electric vehicle battery"), but broadly may also include [plug-in hybrid electric vehicle](/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid_electric_vehicle "Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle") (PHEV), [range-extended](/wiki/Extended-range_electric_vehicle "Extended-range electric vehicle") electric vehicle (REEV) and [fuel cell electric vehicle](/wiki/Fuel_cell_electric_vehicle "Fuel cell electric vehicle") (FCEV), which can convert electric power from other [fuels](/wiki/Fuel "Fuel") via a [generator](/wiki/Electric_generator "Electric generator") or a [fuel cell](/wiki/Fuel_cell "Fuel cell").
Compared to conventional [internal combustion engine](/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine "Internal combustion engine") (ICE) vehicles, electric cars are quieter, more responsive, have superior [energy conversion efficiency](/wiki/Energy_conversion_efficiency "Energy conversion efficiency") and no [exhaust emissions](/wiki/Exhaust_gas#Main_motor_vehicle_emissions "Exhaust gas"), as well as a typically lower overall [carbon footprint](/wiki/Carbon_footprint "Carbon footprint") from manufacturing to end of life[[1]](#cite_note-1)[[2]](#cite_note-2) (even when a fossil-fuel [power plant](/wiki/Power_plant "Power plant") supplying the electricity might add to its emissions). Due to the superior efficiency of electric motors, electric cars also generate less [waste heat](/wiki/Waste_heat "Waste heat"), thus reducing the need for [engine cooling systems](/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine_cooling "Internal combustion engine cooling") that are often large, complicated and maintenance-prone in ICE vehicles.
The [electric vehicle battery](/wiki/Electric_vehicle_battery "Electric vehicle battery") typically needs to be plugged into a [mains electricity](/wiki/Mains_electricity "Mains electricity") [power supply](/wiki/Power_supply "Power supply") for [recharging](/wiki/Battery_charger "Battery charger"), after depleting the battery when driving. Recharging an electric car can be done at different kinds of [charging stations](/wiki/Charging_station "Charging station"); these charging stations can be installed in [private homes](/wiki/Private_home "Private home"), [parking garages](/wiki/Parking_garage "Parking garage") and [public areas](/wiki/Public_area "Public area").[[3]](#cite_note-3) There is also [research and development](/wiki/Research_and_development "Research and development") in, as well as deployment of, other technologies such as [battery swapping](/wiki/Battery_swapping "Battery swapping") and [inductive charging](/wiki/Inductive_charging "Inductive charging"). As the [recharging centers](/wiki/Electric_vehicle_charging_network "Electric vehicle charging network") (especially [fast chargers](/wiki/Fast_charger "Fast charger")) are wide spread in some areas, [range anxiety](/wiki/Range_anxiety "Range anxiety") and charging [time cost](/wiki/Time_management "Time management") are psychological obstacles to some [consumers considering the purchase of an](/wiki/Buyer_decision_process "Buyer decision process") electric car.
Worldwide, 21 million [plug-in electric cars](/wiki/Plug-in_electric_car "Plug-in electric car") were sold in 2025, over a quarter of new car sales and up 20% from 2024.[[4]](#cite_note-4)[[5]](#cite_note-5) Many countries have established [government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles](/wiki/Government_incentives_for_plug-in_electric_vehicles "Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles"), tax credits, subsidies, and other non-monetary incentives while several countries have legislated to [phase-out sales of fossil fuel cars](/wiki/Phase-out_of_fossil_fuel_vehicles "Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles"),[[6]](#cite_note-6)[[7]](#cite_note-7) to reduce [air pollution](/wiki/Air_pollution "Air pollution") and [limit climate change](/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation "Climate change mitigation").[[8]](#cite_note-Thunberg-8)[[9]](#cite_note-:2-9)
[China](/wiki/China "China") currently has the [largest stock of electric vehicles in the world](/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicles_in_China "Plug-in electric vehicles in China"), with cumulative sales of 22.09 million units through December 2024,[[10]](#cite_note-10)[[11]](#cite_note-11) although these figures also include heavy-duty [commercial vehicles](/wiki/Commercial_vehicle "Commercial vehicle") such as [buses](/wiki/Bus "Bus"), [garbage trucks](/wiki/Garbage_truck "Garbage truck") and [sanitation vehicles](/wiki/Street_sweeper "Street sweeper"), and only accounts for vehicles manufactured in China.[[12]](#cite_note-China2016-12)[[13]](#cite_note-China2017-13)[[14]](#cite_note-China2018-14)[[15]](#cite_note-NEVsChina2019-15)[[16]](#cite_note-ChinaNEV2020-16)[[17]](#cite_note-ChinaNEV2021-17) In the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") and the [European Union](/wiki/European_Union "European Union"), as of 2020, the total cost of ownership of recent electric vehicles is cheaper than that of equivalent ICE cars, due to lower power and maintenance costs.[[18]](#cite_note-:0-18)[[19]](#cite_note-autogenerated1-19)
In 2023, the [Tesla Model Y](/wiki/Tesla_Model_Y "Tesla Model Y") became the world's best selling car.[[20]](#cite_note-20) The [Tesla Model 3](/wiki/Tesla_Model_3 "Tesla Model 3") became the world's all-time best-selling electric car in early 2020,[[21]](#cite_note-Model3TopEV-21) and in June 2021 it became the first electric car to pass 1 million global sales.[[22]](#cite_note-1miModel3-22)
## Terminology
See also: [Vehicle classification by propulsion system](/wiki/Vehicle_classification_by_propulsion_system "Vehicle classification by propulsion system"), [Plug-in electric vehicle § Terminology](/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle#Terminology "Plug-in electric vehicle"), and [Battery electric vehicle](/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle "Battery electric vehicle")
The term "electric car" typically refers specifically to [battery electric vehicles](/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle "Battery electric vehicle") (BEVs) or all-electric cars, a type of [electric vehicle](/wiki/Electric_vehicle "Electric vehicle") (EV) that has an onboard [rechargeable battery pack](/wiki/Rechargeable_battery "Rechargeable battery") that can be plugged in and charged from the [electric grid](/wiki/Electric_grid "Electric grid"), or at home with solar panels, and the electricity stored on the vehicle is the *only* energy source that provides propulsion for the wheels. The term generally refers to highway-capable automobiles, but there are also low-speed electric vehicles with limitations in terms of weight, power, and maximum speed that are allowed to travel on certain public roads. The latter are classified as [Neighborhood Electric Vehicles](/wiki/Neighborhood_Electric_Vehicle "Neighborhood Electric Vehicle") (NEVs) in the United States,[[23]](#cite_note-23) and as electric [motorised quadricycles](/wiki/Motorised_quadricycle "Motorised quadricycle") in Europe.[[24]](#cite_note-24)
*Electric car stocks*
*electric car sales share*
*Electric car sales*
*Battery electric vehicles as share of new EVs*
## History
Main article: [History of the electric vehicle](/wiki/History_of_the_electric_vehicle "History of the electric vehicle")
### Early developments
[Robert Anderson](/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(inventor) "Robert Anderson (inventor)") is often credited with inventing the first electric car some time between 1832 and 1839.[[25]](#cite_note-Roth_2-3-25)
The following experimental electric cars appeared during the 1880s:
- In 1881, [Gustave Trouvé](/wiki/Gustave_Trouv%C3%A9 "Gustave Trouvé") presented an electric car driven by an improved [Siemens](/wiki/Siemens "Siemens") motor at the [Exposition internationale d'Électricité de Paris](/wiki/International_Electrical_Congress "International Electrical Congress").[[26]](#cite_note-26)
- in 1882 [Werner von Siemens](/wiki/Werner_von_Siemens "Werner von Siemens") presents the [Electromote](/wiki/Electromote "Electromote"), the world's first [trolleybus](/wiki/Trolleybus "Trolleybus"), in Berlin.
- In 1884, [Thomas Parker](/wiki/Thomas_Parker_(inventor) "Thomas Parker (inventor)") built an electric car in [Wolverhampton, England](/wiki/Wolverhampton "Wolverhampton") using his own specially designed high-capacity rechargeable batteries, although the only documentation is a photograph from 1895.[[27]](#cite_note-Guarnieri,_2012-27)[[28]](#cite_note-28)[[29]](#cite_note-29)
- In 1888, the German [Andreas Flocken](/wiki/Andreas_Flocken "Andreas Flocken") designed the [Flocken Elektrowagen](/wiki/Flocken_Elektrowagen "Flocken Elektrowagen"), regarded as the first "real" electric car.[[30]](#cite_note-30)[[31]](#cite_note-31)[[32]](#cite_note-32)
- In 1890, Andrew Morrison introduced the first electric car to the United States.[[33]](#cite_note-:5-33)
Electricity was among the preferred methods for automobile propulsion in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, providing a level of comfort and an ease of operation that could not be achieved by the era's internal combustion cars.[[34]](#cite_note-34) The electric vehicle fleet then peaked at approximately 30,000 vehicles.[[35]](#cite_note-35)
In 1897, electric cars found commercial use as [taxis](/wiki/Taxicab "Taxicab") in [Britain](/wiki/Great_Britain "Great Britain") and in the United States. In London, [Walter Bersey](/wiki/Walter_Bersey "Walter Bersey")'s [electric cabs](/wiki/Bersey_electric_cab "Bersey electric cab") were the first self-propelled vehicles for hire at a time when cabs were horse-drawn.[[36]](#cite_note-36) In 1897, New York City had a fleet of twelve [hansom cabs](/wiki/Hansom_cab "Hansom cab") and one [brougham](/wiki/Brougham_(car_body) "Brougham (car body)"), based on the [Electrobat II](/wiki/Electrobat "Electrobat"), introduced as part of a project partly funded by the [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia") [Electric Storage Battery Company](/wiki/Electric_Storage_Battery_Company "Electric Storage Battery Company").[[37]](#cite_note-37) During the 20th century, the main US manufacturers of electric vehicles included Anthony Electric, Baker, Columbia, Anderson, Edison, Riker, [Milburn Wagon Company](/w/index.php?title=Milburn_Wagon_Company&action=edit&redlink=1 "Milburn Wagon Company (page does not exist)") ([Milburn Light Electric](/wiki/Milburn_Light_Electric "Milburn Light Electric")), [Bailey Electric](/wiki/S.R._Bailey_%26_Co. "S.R. Bailey & Co."), and [Detroit Electric](/wiki/Detroit_Electric "Detroit Electric").[[38]](#cite_note-automobilesreview-38)[[39]](#cite_note-39)
Six electric cars held the [land speed record](/wiki/Land_speed_record "Land speed record") in the 19th century.[[40]](#cite_note-40) The last was the rocket-shaped [La Jamais Contente](/wiki/La_Jamais_Contente "La Jamais Contente"), driven by [Camille Jenatzy](/wiki/Camille_Jenatzy "Camille Jenatzy"), which broke the 100 km/h (62 mph) speed barrier by reaching a top speed of 105.88 km/h (65.79 mph) in 1899.
Electric cars remained popular until advances in [internal-combustion engine](/wiki/Internal-combustion_engine "Internal-combustion engine") (ICE) cars left them behind.[[33]](#cite_note-:5-33) ICE cars' quicker refueling times and cheaper production costs at the time appealed to consumers more than the electrics. A decisive moment came with the 1912 introduction of the electric [starter motor](/wiki/Starter_(engine) "Starter (engine)")[[41]](#cite_note-41) that replaced laborious and dangerous methods such as [hand-cranking](/wiki/Crank_(mechanism)#20th_Century "Crank (mechanism)").
- [](/wiki/File:Capture_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran_2016-10-14_%C3%A0_21.26.28.png "Gustave Trouvé's personal electric vehicle (1881), the world's first publicly presented full-scale electric car powered by an improved Siemens motor")
[Gustave Trouvé](/wiki/Gustave_Trouv%C3%A9 "Gustave Trouvé")'s personal electric vehicle (1881), the world's first publicly presented full-scale electric car powered by an improved [Siemens](/wiki/Siemens "Siemens") motor
- [](/wiki/File:First_Trolleybuss_of_Siemens_in_Berlin_1882_(postcard).jpg "The Electromote, the world's first trolleybus by Werner von Siemens, Berlin 1882")
The [Electromote](/wiki/Electromote "Electromote"), the world's first [trolleybus](/wiki/Trolleybus "Trolleybus") by [Werner von Siemens](/wiki/Werner_von_Siemens "Werner von Siemens"), Berlin 1882
- [![Electric car built by Thomas Parker in 1884 - photo from 1895[42]](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Thomas_Parker_Electric_car.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled)](/wiki/File:Thomas_Parker_Electric_car.jpg "Electric car built by Thomas Parker in 1884 - photo from 1895[42]")
Electric car built by [Thomas Parker](/wiki/Thomas_Parker_(inventor) "Thomas Parker (inventor)") in 1884 - photo from 1895[[42]](#cite_note-42)
- [](/wiki/File:1888_Flocken_Elektrowagen.jpg "The Flocken Elektrowagen from 1888")
The [Flocken Elektrowagen](/wiki/Flocken_Elektrowagen "Flocken Elektrowagen") from 1888
- [](/wiki/File:Jamais_contente.jpg ""La Jamais Contente", 1899")
"[La Jamais Contente](/wiki/La_Jamais_Contente "La Jamais Contente")", 1899
- [](/wiki/File:Apollo15LunarRover.jpg "NASA's Lunar Roving Vehicles were battery-driven (1971).")
[NASA](/wiki/NASA "NASA")'s [Lunar Roving Vehicles](/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle "Lunar Roving Vehicle") were battery-driven (1971).
- [](/wiki/File:EV1_(6).jpg "The General Motors EV1, one of the cars introduced due to a California Air Resources Board (CARB) mandate, had a range of 260 km (160 miles) with NiMH batteries in 1999.")
The [General Motors EV1](/wiki/General_Motors_EV1 "General Motors EV1"), one of the cars introduced due to a [California Air Resources Board](/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board "California Air Resources Board") (CARB) mandate, had a range of 260 km (160 miles) with [NiMH batteries](/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery "Nickel–metal hydride battery") in 1999.
- [](/wiki/File:Tesla_Roadster.JPG "The Tesla Roadster (2008)")
The [Tesla Roadster](/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_(2008) "Tesla Roadster (2008)") (2008)
### Renaissance
In the early 1990s the [California Air Resources Board](/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board "California Air Resources Board") began to push for lower-emissions vehicles, with the ultimate goal of [zero-emissions vehicles](/wiki/Zero-emissions_vehicle "Zero-emissions vehicle").[[43]](#cite_note-TwoBillion-43)[[44]](#cite_note-Boschert06-44) Automakers responded with electric models, although they were later withdrawn.[[45]](#cite_note-45)
[California](/wiki/California "California") electric-automaker [Tesla Motors](/wiki/Tesla_Motors "Tesla Motors") began development in 2004 of what became the [Tesla Roadster](/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_(2008) "Tesla Roadster (2008)"), first delivered to customers in 2008. The Roadster was the first highway-legal all-electric car to use [lithium-ion battery](/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery "Lithium-ion battery") cells, and the first production all-electric car to travel more than 320 km (200 miles) per charge.[[46]](#cite_note-46)
[Better Place](/wiki/Better_Place_(company) "Better Place (company)") developed battery charging and [battery swapping](/wiki/Battery_swapping "Battery swapping") services, but went bankrupt in 2013.[[47]](#cite_note-47)
[](/wiki/File:Volkswagen_ID.3_at_IAA_2019_IMG_0779.jpg)
*[Volkswagen Group](/wiki/Volkswagen_Group "Volkswagen Group") has invested in a wide-ranging electrification strategy in Europe, North America and China, with its [electric "MEB" platform](/wiki/Volkswagen_Group_MEB_platform "Volkswagen Group MEB platform").*
The 2009 [Mitsubishi i-MiEV](/wiki/Mitsubishi_i-MiEV "Mitsubishi i-MiEV") was the first highway-legal [series production](/wiki/Series_production "Series production") electric car,[[48]](#cite_note-Reuters100330-48) and the first to sell more than 10,000 units. The [Nissan Leaf](/wiki/Nissan_Leaf "Nissan Leaf"), launched in 2010, quickly surpassed it as the best-selling all-electric car.[[49]](#cite_note-Guinnes-49)
in 2008, advances in batteries, and the desire to reduce [greenhouse-gas emissions](/wiki/Greenhouse-gas_emissions "Greenhouse-gas emissions") and to improve urban [air quality](/wiki/Air_quality "Air quality"), increased interest in EVs.[[50]](#cite_note-PEVs-50) During the 2010s, EVs [in China](/wiki/Electric_vehicle_industry_in_China "Electric vehicle industry in China") expanded rapidly with government support.[[51]](#cite_note-51)
In July 2019 *[Motor Trend](/wiki/Motor_Trend "Motor Trend")* awarded the [Tesla Model S](/wiki/Tesla_Model_S "Tesla Model S") the title "ultimate car of the year".[[52]](#cite_note-52) In March 2020 the [Tesla Model 3](/wiki/Tesla_Model_3 "Tesla Model 3") passed the Nissan Leaf to become the best-selling electric car, with more than 500,000 units delivered;[[21]](#cite_note-Model3TopEV-21) it reached 1 million units in June 2021.[[22]](#cite_note-1miModel3-22)
[](/wiki/File:2020%2B_Electric_vehicle_stock_-_International_Energy_Agency.svg)
The global stock of both plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) has grown steadily since the 2010s.[[53]](#cite_note-IEA_EVstock-53)
[](/wiki/File:Ev_sales_2012_2024_stacked.png)
Sales of passenger electric vehicles (EVs) indicate a trend away from petrol-powered vehicles since 2012.[[54]](#cite_note-IEA2012–24-54)
In 2021, the [Alliance for Automotive Innovation](/wiki/Alliance_for_Automotive_Innovation "Alliance for Automotive Innovation") reported that the 187,000 sales of electric vehicles accounted for six percent of US light-duty vehicles. California led the US with nearly 40% of purchases, followed by Florida – 6%, Texas – 5% and New York 4.4%.[[55]](#cite_note-55)
## Economics
EVs typically have a much lower cost of ownership than ICE vehicles. Early differences in purchase cost have shrunk due to intense competitive pressures.[[56]](#cite_note-56)
### Total cost of ownership
Generally, electricity costs less than petrol per kilometre travelled, although petrol and electricity prices vary dramatically by location, origin and even time of day.[[57]](#cite_note-57)[[58]](#cite_note-58)[[59]](#cite_note-59) Petrol prices are affected by taxes and formulation, while electricity can be generated by rooftop solar, or the electric utility. EV motors are far more efficient than ICE vehicles, which turn 2/3 of their energy expended into heat instead of propulsion.
The greater the distance driven per year, the more likely the [total cost of ownership](/wiki/Total_cost_of_ownership "Total cost of ownership") for an EV is less than for an equivalent ICE car.[[60]](#cite_note-60)
EV drivers save approximately 50% on maintenance and repair costs, attributable to the simpler mechanical structure and fewer moving parts than ICE vehicles.[[61]](#cite_note-61)
#### Battery replacement
The risk of an out-of-warranty battery replacement represents the greatest source of long-term financial uncertainty for EV owners. Costs for replacement battery packs typically range from $5,000 to $16,000, varying on the size of the pack and the manufacturer.[[62]](#cite_note-62) In large, high-capacity trucks, replacement quotes have been reported to approach $47,000, e.g., for the Long Range [Ford F-150 Lightning](/wiki/Ford_F-150_Lightning "Ford F-150 Lightning").[[63]](#cite_note-63)
Battery replacement events are rare, and batteries have achieved greater durability than anticipated.[[64]](#cite_note-64)[[65]](#cite_note-65) EV batteries often outlast vehicle lifetimes with minimal degradation.[[66]](#cite_note-66) Industry standard warranties cover batteries for 8 years or 100,000 miles, guaranteeing minimum capacity retention, typically at 70%.[[67]](#cite_note-67)[[68]](#cite_note-68)
### Purchase cost
In 2024, electric cars were typically somewhat more expensive to purchase than ICE cars.[[69]](#cite_note-69) That year saw a few categories where new electric cars were cheaper upfront than ICE vehicles. For instance, small EVs in China were roughly half the price as small petrol cars. Electric SUVs became cheaper than petrol ones for the first time in 2024 in China.[[70]](#cite_note-70) In 2026, EVs in the UK had become cheaper to buy than petrol cars.[[71]](#cite_note-71)
The largest cost item of an electric car is its battery. Battery prices decreased from €605 per kWh in 2010, to €170 in 2017, to €100 in 2019.[[72]](#cite_note-72)[[73]](#cite_note-73) [LFP](/wiki/Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery "Lithium iron phosphate battery") batteries are cheaper than the more powerful NCM cells.[[74]](#cite_note-74)
[](/wiki/File:For_Americans_and_Europeans,_price_is_the_main_barrier_to_buying_an_electric_vehicle;_Chinese_people_are_more_divided_and_have_concerns_about_driving_range.png)
*Survey results showing that for American and European respondents, price is the main barrier to buying an electric vehicle[[75]](#cite_note-eib2023-75)*
## Environmental aspects
[](/wiki/File:Piles_of_Salt_Salar_de_Uyuni_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_a.jpg)
*The [Salar de Uyuni](/wiki/Salar_de_Uyuni "Salar de Uyuni") in [Bolivia](/wiki/Bolivia "Bolivia") is one of the largest known [lithium](/wiki/Lithium "Lithium") reserves in the world.[[76]](#cite_note-NYTBolivia-76)[[77]](#cite_note-77)*
Main articles: [Environmental aspects of the electric car](/wiki/Environmental_aspects_of_the_electric_car "Environmental aspects of the electric car") and [Electric vehicle § Environmental impact](/wiki/Electric_vehicle#Environmental_impact "Electric vehicle")
Electric cars have lower environmental impacts then ICE cars, including a significant reduction of air pollution, as they do not emit [exhaust pollutants](/wiki/Motor_vehicle_emissions "Motor vehicle emissions").[[78]](#cite_note-78) However, like ICE cars, electric cars emit particulates from tyres.[[79]](#cite_note-79)[[80]](#cite_note-80) Because EVs typically use [regenerative braking](/wiki/Regenerative_braking "Regenerative braking"), brake wear is much less, often allowing brakes to be excluded from routine maintenance.[[81]](#cite_note-81)
Battery manufacturing typically involves greater environmental costs than ICE vehicles, although this is typically offset by the ongoing costs of petroleum production.[[43]](#cite_note-TwoBillion-43)[[82]](#cite_note-82)
Some activists and journalists have raised concerns over the perceived lack of impact of electric cars in solving the climate change crisis[[83]](#cite_note-83) compared to other, less popularized methods.[[84]](#cite_note-84) These concerns have largely centered around the existence of less carbon-intensive and more efficient forms of transportation such as [active mobility](/wiki/Active_mobility "Active mobility"),[[85]](#cite_note-85) [mass transit](/wiki/Mass-transit "Mass-transit") and e-scooters and the continuation of a system designed for cars first.[[86]](#cite_note-86)
## Performance
### Drivetrain
[](/wiki/File:Electric_car_diagram.svg)
*Typical "skateboard" layout with the battery as floor and a motor at one or both axles*
Electric motors provide high [power-to-weight ratios](/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio "Power-to-weight ratio"). Electric motors have a flat torque, from a standing start. Most EVs use fixed-ratio [gearboxes](/wiki/Gearboxes "Gearboxes") and have no [clutch](/wiki/Clutch "Clutch").
Electric cars can achieve faster acceleration than commercial ICE cars, due to reduced drivetrain frictional losses and the motor's uniform torque at low speeds.[[87]](#cite_note-87)
Some designs place a [motor in each wheel hub](/wiki/Wheel_hub_motor "Wheel hub motor") or next to the wheels.[[88]](#cite_note-88)
Some [direct current motor](/wiki/DC_motor "DC motor")-equipped drag racer EVs have two-speed [manual transmissions](/wiki/Manual_transmission "Manual transmission").[[89]](#cite_note-89) The concept electric supercar [Rimac Concept One](/wiki/Rimac_Concept_One "Rimac Concept One") claimed to be able to go from 0–97 km/h (0–60 mph) in 2.5 seconds.
## Energy efficiency
Main article: [Electric car energy efficiency](/wiki/Electric_car_energy_efficiency "Electric car energy efficiency")
[](/wiki/File:Energy_flow_in_cars_(recuperation_in_green).pdf)
*Energy efficiency of electric cars in towns and on motorways according to the [DoE](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy "United States Department of Energy")*
Internal combustion engines have [thermodynamic limits](/wiki/Carnot%27s_theorem_(thermodynamics) "Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics)") on efficiency, expressed as the fraction of energy used to propel the vehicle compared to energy produced by burning the fuel. [Petrol engines](/wiki/Petrol_engine "Petrol engine") effectively use only 15% of the fuel's energy to move the vehicle or to power accessories; [diesel engines](/wiki/Diesel_engine "Diesel engine") can reach on-board efficiency of 20%; electric vehicles convert over 77% of the electrical energy to the wheels.[[90]](#cite_note-90)[[91]](#cite_note-PEVs2-91)[[92]](#cite_note-92) This is partially offset by power required to move the heavy batteries.
Electric motors are more efficient than internal combustion engines in converting energy into propulsion. Some cars with dual motors use one motor for most driving and the second motor for increased power.[[93]](#cite_note-93) [Regenerative braking](/wiki/Regenerative_braking "Regenerative braking"), which is most common in electric vehicles, can recover as much as one fifth of the energy normally lost during braking.[[43]](#cite_note-TwoBillion-43)[[91]](#cite_note-PEVs2-91)
### Cabin heating and cooling
ICE cars harness waste heat from the engine to provide cabin heating, while electric vehicles use [heat pumps](/wiki/Heat_pumps "Heat pumps") or other technologies to control cabin temperature.[[94]](#cite_note-94) [PTC junction cooling](/wiki/Positive_Temperature_Coefficient "Positive Temperature Coefficient")[[95]](#cite_note-95) is used, for example, in the 2008 Tesla Roadster.
Some models heat the cabin while the car is plugged in, such as the Nissan Leaf, the Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Renault Zoe,.[[96]](#cite_note-96)[[97]](#cite_note-97)[[98]](#cite_note-98)
EVs such as the [Citroën Berlingo Electrique](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Berlingo_Electrique "Citroën Berlingo Electrique") use an auxiliary heating system such as [petrol](/wiki/Petrol "Petrol")-fueled units. Cabin cooling can be augmented with [solar power](/wiki/Solar_power "Solar power") [external batteries](/wiki/External_battery "External battery") and USB fans or coolers, or by allowing outside air to flow through the car when parked; two models of the 2010 Toyota Prius offer this feature.[[99]](#cite_note-99)
## Safety
[](/wiki/File:V10084P006.jpg)
*Side impact test of a [Tesla Model X](/wiki/Tesla_Model_X "Tesla Model X")*
EV safety issues are addressed by international standard [ISO](/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization "International Organization for Standardization") 6469. This document is divided into three parts:
- Energy storage, i.e. the battery[[100]](#cite_note-100)
- Functional safety and protection against failures[[101]](#cite_note-101)
- Electrical hazards[[102]](#cite_note-102)
Research published in the [British Medical Journal](/wiki/British_Medical_Journal "British Medical Journal") in 2024 reported that between 2013 and 2017 in the United Kingdom, electric cars killed pedestrians at twice the rate of ICE vehicles because "they are less audible to pedestrians in urban areas".[[103]](#cite_note-Searles-103) Some jurisdictions require EVs to generate sounds when moving.[[103]](#cite_note-Searles-103)
### Weight
The batteries make EVs heavier than a comparable ICE vehicle. In a collision, the occupants of a heavy vehicle will, on average, suffer fewer and less serious injuries than the occupants of a lighter vehicle; therefore, the additional weight brings safety benefits to the occupant, while increasing harm to others.[[104]](#cite_note-104) On average, an accident will cause about 50% more injuries to the occupants of a 2,000 lb (900 kg) vehicle than those in a 3,000 lb (1,400 kg) vehicle.[[105]](#cite_note-105) Heavier cars are more dangerous to people outside the car if they hit a pedestrian or another vehicle.[[106]](#cite_note-106)
### Stability
The battery in [skateboard configuration](/wiki/Skateboard_(automotive_platform) "Skateboard (automotive platform)") lowers the center of gravity, increasing driving stability, lowering the risk of an accident through loss of control.[[107]](#cite_note-107) Additionally, a lower center of gravity provides a greater resistance to roll-over crashes.[[108]](#cite_note-108) If there is a separate motor near or in each wheel, this is claimed to be safer due to better handling.[[109]](#cite_note-109)
### Risk of fire
Main article: [Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents](/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle_fire_incidents "Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents")
[](/wiki/File:Kate%C5%99insk%C3%A1_42,_Praha_2.jpg)
*No entry for electric cars (Prague, Czech Republic)*
Like their ICE counterparts, [electric vehicles](/wiki/Electric-vehicle_battery "Electric-vehicle battery") can catch fire after a crash or mechanical failure.[[110]](#cite_note-Spotnitz:2003a-110) [Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents](/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle_fire_incidents "Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents") have occurred, albeit fewer per distance traveled than ICE vehicles.[[111]](#cite_note-111) Some cars' high-voltage systems are designed to shut down automatically in the event of an airbag deployment,[[112]](#cite_note-112)[[113]](#cite_note-113) and in case of failure firefighters may be trained for manual high-voltage system shutdown.[[114]](#cite_note-LeafCrash-114)[[115]](#cite_note-115) Much more water may be required than for ICE car fires and a [thermal imaging camera](/wiki/Thermal_imaging_camera "Thermal imaging camera") is recommended to warn of possible re-ignition of battery fires.[[116]](#cite_note-116)[[117]](#cite_note-117)
## Controls
As of 2018[[update]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit), most electric cars have similar driving controls to that of a car with a conventional [automatic transmission](/wiki/Automatic_transmission "Automatic transmission"). Even though the motor may be permanently connected to the wheels through a fixed-ratio gear, and no [parking pawl](/wiki/Parking_pawl "Parking pawl") may be present, the modes "P" and "N" are often still provided on the selector. In this case, the motor is disabled in "N" and an electrically actuated [hand brake](/wiki/Hand_brake "Hand brake") provides the "P" mode.
In some cars, the motor will spin slowly to provide a small amount of creep in "D", similar to a traditional automatic transmission car.[[118]](#cite_note-118) In many electric cars the creep mode can be turned off if the owner prefers. This assists one pedal driving where the car can often come to a stop by taking a foot off the gas pedal.
When an internal combustion vehicle's accelerator is released, it may slow by [engine braking](/wiki/Engine_braking "Engine braking"), depending on the type of transmission and mode. EVs are usually equipped with [regenerative braking](/wiki/Regenerative_brake "Regenerative brake") that slows the vehicle and recharges the battery somewhat.[[119]](#cite_note-119) Regenerative braking systems also decrease the use of the conventional brakes (similar to engine braking in an ICE vehicle), reducing brake wear and maintenance costs.
## Batteries
[](/wiki/File:Nissan_Leaf_battery_pack_DC_03_2011_1629.jpg)
*Nissan Leaf battery pack*
Main article: [Electric vehicle battery](/wiki/Electric_vehicle_battery "Electric vehicle battery")
Lithium-ion-based batteries are often used for their high power and energy density.[[120]](#cite_note-120) Batteries with different chemical compositions are becoming more widely used, such as [lithium iron phosphate](/wiki/Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery#Transportation "Lithium iron phosphate battery") which is not dependent on nickel and cobalt so can be used to make cheaper batteries and thus cheaper cars.[[121]](#cite_note-121)
### Range
Further information: [List of electric cars currently available](/wiki/List_of_electric_cars_currently_available "List of electric cars currently available")
[](/wiki/File:BEV_EPA_range_comparison_2020_model_year_USA.png)
*Comparison of [EPA](/wiki/EPA "EPA")-rated [range](/wiki/All-electric_range "All-electric range") for [model year](/wiki/Model_year "Model year") 2020 electric cars rated up until January 2020[[122]](#cite_note-122)*
The range of an electric car depends on the number and type of batteries used, and (as with all vehicles), the aerodynamics, weight and type of vehicle, performance requirements, and the weather.[[123]](#cite_note-Liasi-123) Cars marketed for mainly city use are often manufactured with a short range battery to keep them small and light.[[124]](#cite_note-124)
Most electric cars are fitted with a display of the expected range. This may take into account how the vehicle is being used and what the battery is powering. However, since factors can vary over the route, the estimate can vary from the actual range. The display allows the driver to make informed choices about driving speed and whether to stop at a charging point en route. Some [roadside assistance](/wiki/Roadside_assistance "Roadside assistance") organizations offer charge trucks to recharge electric cars in case of emergency.[[125]](#cite_note-125)
### Charging
#### Connectors
Main article: [IEC 62196](/wiki/IEC_62196 "IEC 62196")
Most electric cars use [a wired connection](/wiki/Direct_coupling "Direct coupling") to supply electricity for recharging. Electric vehicle charging plugs are not universal throughout the world. However vehicles using one type of plug are generally able to charge at other types of charging stations through the use of plug adapters.[[126]](#cite_note-Autoblog2018-126)
The [Type 2 connector](/wiki/Type_2_connector "Type 2 connector") is the most common type of plug, but different versions are used in China and Europe.[[127]](#cite_note-127)[[128]](#cite_note-:4-128)
The [Type 1 (also called SAE J1772)](/wiki/SAE_J1772 "SAE J1772") connector is common in North America[[129]](#cite_note-129)[[130]](#cite_note-130) but rare elsewhere, as it does not support [three-phase](/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power "Three-phase electric power") charging.[[131]](#cite_note-acea2010-131)
[Wireless charging](/wiki/Inductive_charging#Transportation "Inductive charging"), either for stationary cars or as an [electric road](/wiki/Electric_road "Electric road"),[[132]](#cite_note-132) is less common as of 2021[[update]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit), but is used in some cities for taxis.[[133]](#cite_note-133)[[134]](#cite_note-134)
#### Home charging
Electric cars are usually charged overnight from a [home charging station](/wiki/Home_Charging_Station "Home Charging Station"); sometimes known as a charging point, wallbox charger, or simply a charger; in a garage or on the outside of a house.[[135]](#cite_note-:3-135)[[136]](#cite_note-136) As of 2021[[update]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit) typical home chargers are 7 kW, but not all include [smart charging](/wiki/Smart_charging "Smart charging").[[135]](#cite_note-:3-135) Compared to fossil fuel vehicles, the need for charging using public infrastructure is diminished because of the opportunities for home charging; vehicles can be plugged in and begin each day with a full charge.[[137]](#cite_note-137) Charging from a standard outlet is also possible but very slow.
#### Public charging
[](/wiki/File:Eletroposto6.jpg)
*Charging station at [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro "Rio de Janeiro"), Brazil. This station is run by [Petrobras](/wiki/Petrobras "Petrobras") and uses [solar energy](/wiki/Solar_energy "Solar energy").*
[](/wiki/File:Okru%C5%BEn%C3%AD,_PREpoint_-_nab%C3%ADjec%C3%AD_stanice_PRE-2.jpg)
*Charging station in [Prague](/wiki/Prague "Prague"), Czech Republic*
Main article: [Electric vehicle charging network](/wiki/Electric_vehicle_charging_network "Electric vehicle charging network")
Some public [charging stations](/wiki/Charging_station "Charging station") are faster than home chargers,[[138]](#cite_note-138) with many [supplying direct current](/wiki/DC_Fast_Charge "DC Fast Charge") to avoid the bottleneck of going through the car's AC to DC converter,[[139]](#cite_note-139) as of 2021[[update]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit) the fastest being 350 kW.[[140]](#cite_note-140)
[Combined Charging System](/wiki/Combined_Charging_System "Combined Charging System") (CCS) is the most widespread charging standard,[[128]](#cite_note-:4-128) whereas the [GB/T 27930](/wiki/Guobiao_standards "Guobiao standards") standard is used in China, and [CHAdeMO](/wiki/CHAdeMO "CHAdeMO") in Japan. The United States has no de facto standard, with a mix of CCS, [Tesla Superchargers](/wiki/Tesla_Supercharger "Tesla Supercharger"), and CHAdeMO charging stations.
Charging an electric vehicle using public charging stations takes longer than refueling a fossil fuel vehicle. The speed at which a vehicle can recharge depends on the charging station's charging speed and the vehicle's own capacity to receive a charge. As of 2021[[update]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit) some cars are 400-volt and some 800-volt.[[141]](#cite_note-141) Connecting a vehicle that can accommodate very fast charging to a charging station with a very high rate of charge can refill the vehicle's battery to 80% in 15 to 20 minutes. [[142]](#cite_note-142)[[143]](#cite_note-143)
Vehicles and charging stations with slower charging speeds may take as long as two hours to refill a battery to 80%. As with a mobile phone, the final 20% takes longer because the systems slow down to fill the battery safely and avoid damaging it.[*[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]
[](/wiki/File:NIO_Power_Battery_Swap_(cropped).jpg)
*A battery swapping station operated by [Nio](/wiki/Nio_Inc. "Nio Inc.")*
Some companies are building [battery swapping](/wiki/Battery_swapping "Battery swapping") stations, to substantially reduce the effective time to recharge.[[144]](#cite_note-144)[[145]](#cite_note-145) Some electric cars (for example, the [BMW i3](/wiki/BMW_i3_(hatchback) "BMW i3 (hatchback)")) have an optional petrol [range extender](/wiki/Range_extender_(vehicle) "Range extender (vehicle)"). The system is intended as an emergency backup to extend range to the next recharging location, and not for long-distance travel.[[146]](#cite_note-GCR032013-146)
#### Vehicle-to-grid: uploading and grid buffering
Main article: [Vehicle-to-grid](/wiki/Vehicle-to-grid "Vehicle-to-grid")
During [peak load](/wiki/Peak_load "Peak load") periods, when the cost of generation can be very high, electric vehicles with vehicle-to-grid capabilities could contribute energy to the grid. These vehicles can then be recharged during [off-peak](/wiki/Peak_demand "Peak demand") hours at cheaper rates while helping to absorb excess night time generation. The batteries in the vehicles serve as a distributed storage system to buffer power.[[147]](#cite_note-147)
A 2022 report from [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University") questioned the wisdom of charging electric vehicles at night.[[148]](#cite_note-148)
### Lifespan
Main article: [Rechargeable battery § Lifespan and cycle stability](/wiki/Rechargeable_battery#Lifespan_and_cycle_stability "Rechargeable battery")
As with all lithium-ion batteries, electric vehicle batteries may degrade over long periods of time, especially if they are frequently charged to 100%; however, this may take at least several years before being noticeable.[[149]](#cite_note-149) A typical warranty is 8 years or 100,000 mi (160,000 km),[[150]](#cite_note-150) but for non-professional drivers mileage may not be relevant, and the batteries usually last much longer,[[151]](#cite_note-151) perhaps 15 to 20 years in the car and then more years in another use.[[152]](#cite_note-152)
## Currently available electric cars
[](/wiki/File:BEVsSales-2010-2023ByCountry.png)
*Share of new cars sold that are battery-electric and plug-in hybrid, 2010 to 2023 for selected countries*
Main article: [List of production battery electric vehicles](/wiki/List_of_production_battery_electric_vehicles "List of production battery electric vehicles")
### Sales of electric cars
[Tesla](/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc.") became the world's leading electric vehicle manufacturer in December 2019.[[153]](#cite_note-Tesla900K-153)[[154]](#cite_note-154) Its [Model S](/wiki/Tesla_Model_S "Tesla Model S") was the world's top selling plug-in electric car in 2015 and 2016,[[155]](#cite_note-Top10PEVs2016-155)[[156]](#cite_note-Top2015Global-156) its Model 3 has been the world's best selling plug-in electric car for four consecutive years, from 2018 to 2021, and the Model Y was the top selling plug-in car in 2022.[[157]](#cite_note-GlobalTopEVs2022-157)[[158]](#cite_note-GlobalTopEVs2021-158)[[159]](#cite_note-Top20Global2020-159)[[160]](#cite_note-Top20Global2019-160)[[161]](#cite_note-Top20Global2018-161) The [Tesla Model 3](/wiki/Tesla_Model_3 "Tesla Model 3") surpassed the Leaf in early 2020 to become the world's cumulative best selling electric car.[[21]](#cite_note-Model3TopEV-21) Tesla produced its 1 millionth electric car in March 2020, becoming the first auto manufacturer to do so,[[162]](#cite_note-1million-162) and in June 2021, the Model 3 became the first electric car to pass 1 million sales.[[22]](#cite_note-1miModel3-22) Tesla has been listed as the world's top selling plug-in electric car manufacturer, both as a [brand](/wiki/Brand "Brand") and by [automotive group](/wiki/Automotive_industry "Automotive industry") for four years running, from 2018 to 2021.[[158]](#cite_note-GlobalTopEVs2021-158)[[163]](#cite_note-Top10OEM2019-163)[[164]](#cite_note-Top10OEM2018-164)[[165]](#cite_note-Global2018brandshares-165)[[159]](#cite_note-Top20Global2020-159) At the end of 2021, Tesla's global cumulative sales since 2012 totaled 2.3 million units,[[166]](#cite_note-Tesla2021-166) with 936,222 of those delivered in 2021.[[167]](#cite_note-Tesla4Q2021final-167)
[BYD Auto](/wiki/BYD_Auto "BYD Auto") is another leading electric vehicle manufacturer, with the majority of its sales coming from China. From 2018 to 2023, BYD produced nearly 3.18 million purely plug-in electric car, with 1,574,822 of those were produced in 2023 alone.[[168]](#cite_note-CNC20232-168) In the fourth quarter of 2023, BYD surpassed Tesla as the top-selling electric vehicle manufacturer by selling 526,409 battery electric cars, while Tesla delivered 484,507 vehicles.[[169]](#cite_note-:22-169)[[170]](#cite_note-170)
As of December 2021[[update]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit), the [Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance](/wiki/Renault%E2%80%93Nissan%E2%80%93Mitsubishi_Alliance "Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance") was listed as one of major all-electric vehicle manufacturers, with global all-electric vehicle sales totaling over 1 million light-duty electric vehicles, including those manufactured by [Mitsubishi Motors](/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors "Mitsubishi Motors") since 2009.[[171]](#cite_note-171)[[172]](#cite_note-Renault2019-172) [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan "Nissan") leads global sales within the Alliance, with 1 million cars and vans sold by July 2023,[[173]](#cite_note-Leaf650K-173) followed by the [Groupe Renault](/wiki/Groupe_Renault "Groupe Renault") with more than 397,000 electric vehicles sold worldwide through December 2020, including its [Twizy](/wiki/Renault_Twizy "Renault Twizy") [heavy quadricycle](/wiki/Heavy_quadricycle "Heavy quadricycle").[[174]](#cite_note-Renault2020-174) As of July 2023[[update]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit), global sales totaled over 650,000 units since inception.[[173]](#cite_note-Leaf650K-173)
Other leading electric vehicles manufacturers are [GAC Aion](/wiki/GAC_Aion "GAC Aion") (part of [GAC Group](/wiki/GAC_Group "GAC Group"), with 962,385 cumulative sales as of December 2023[[update]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit)),[[175]](#cite_note-175) [SAIC Motor](/wiki/SAIC_Motor "SAIC Motor") with 1,838,000 units (as of July 2023[[update]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit)), [Geely](/wiki/Geely "Geely"), and [Volkswagen](/wiki/Volkswagen_Group "Volkswagen Group").[[176]](#cite_note-GlobalTopModelZSW2019-176)[[177]](#cite_note-177)[[178]](#cite_note-178)[[179]](#cite_note-179)[[180]](#cite_note-180)
The following table lists the all-time best-selling highway-capable all-electric cars with cumulative global sales of over 300,000 units:
*All\-time top\-selling highway\-capable(1) all\-electric passenger car nameplates*
### Electric cars by country
Main article: [Electric car use by country](/wiki/Electric_car_use_by_country "Electric car use by country")
In the year 2021, the total number of electric cars on the world's roads was about 16.5 million. Sales of electric cars in the first quarter of 2022 increased to 2 million.[[222]](#cite_note-:1-222) China has the largest all-electric car fleet in use, with 2.58 million at the end of 2019, more than half (53.9%) of the world's electric car stock.
All-electric cars have oversold plug-in hybrids since 2012.[[223]](#cite_note-EVImckinsey2017-223)[[160]](#cite_note-Top20Global2019-160)[[161]](#cite_note-Top20Global2018-161)[[224]](#cite_note-IEA_2024-224)
[](/wiki/File:Global_plug-in_car_sales_since_2011.png)
Annual sales of [plug-in electric passenger cars](/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle "Plug-in electric vehicle") in the world's top markets between 2011 and 2023[[224]](#cite_note-IEA_2024-224)[[225]](#cite_note-EVOutlook2020-225)[[226]](#cite_note-Outlook2019-226)[[227]](#cite_note-Global2011_2015-227)[[228]](#cite_note-Outlook2018-228)[[229]](#cite_note-Europe2015_2016-229)[[230]](#cite_note-Europe2016_2017-230)[[231]](#cite_note-Europe2018_2019-231)[[232]](#cite_note-Global2020-232)
[](/wiki/File:Ratio_BEV_to_PHEV_global_annual_sales_since_2011.png)
Evolution of the ratio between global sales of BEVs and PHEVs between 2011 and 2024[[223]](#cite_note-EVImckinsey2017-223)[[160]](#cite_note-Top20Global2019-160)[[161]](#cite_note-Top20Global2018-161)[[233]](#cite_note-233)[[234]](#cite_note-Ratio2022-234)[[224]](#cite_note-IEA_2024-224)[[235]](#cite_note-235)
## Public opinion
[](/wiki/File:European_and_American_car_buyers_would_opt_for_hybrid_or_petrol_or_diesel_cars,_while_Chinese_respondents_favour_fully_electric_cars.jpg)
*A 2022 climate survey highlighting European, American, and Chinese car buying preferences[[236]](#cite_note-236)*
[](/wiki/File:If_they_had_to_change_cars,_Europeans_and_Americans_would_prefer_a_hybrid_vehicle,_whereas_many_Chinese_people_would_opt_for_an_electric_one.png)
*The same survey showing that if the respondents had to change cars, Chinese respondents are more likely to opt for an electric one[[75]](#cite_note-eib2023-75)*
A 2022 survey found that 33% of car buyers in Europe will opt for a petrol or diesel car when purchasing a new vehicle. 67% of the respondents mentioned opting for the hybrid or electric version.[[237]](#cite_note-:28-237)[[238]](#cite_note-238) More specifically, it found that electric cars are only preferred by 28% of Europeans, making them the least preferred type of vehicle. 39% of Europeans tend to prefer [hybrid vehicles](/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle "Hybrid vehicle"), while 33% prefer petrol or [diesel vehicles](/wiki/Diesel_engine "Diesel engine").[[237]](#cite_note-:28-237)[[239]](#cite_note-239)
Chinese car buyers, are the most likely to buy an electric car at 44%. 38% of Americans would opt for a hybrid car, 33% would prefer petrol or diesel, while only 29% would go for an electric car.[[237]](#cite_note-:28-237)[[240]](#cite_note-240)
In the [EU](/wiki/European_Union "European Union"), 47% of car buyers 65 years or older are likely to purchase a hybrid vehicle. 31% of younger respondents do not consider hybrid vehicles a good option. 35% of younger respondents would rather opt for a petrol or diesel vehicle, and 24% for an electric car instead of a hybrid.[[237]](#cite_note-:28-237)[[241]](#cite_note-241)
In the EU, 13% of the population do not plan on owning a vehicle at all.[[237]](#cite_note-:28-237)[*[clarification needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify "Wikipedia:Please clarify")*]
In a 2023 survey concentrated specifically on electric car ownership in the US, 50% of respondents planning to purchase a future car considered themselves unlikely to seriously consider buying an EV. The survey also found that support for banning the production of non-electric vehicles in the US by 2035 has declined from 47% to 40%.[[242]](#cite_note-242)
Tension between electric vehicles owners and traditional petrol vehicle owners have also influenced public perception. Surveys were taken by the market research firm Ipsos in which they found that belief in EV's environmental benefits among Americans has declined from 63% to 58% over two years.[[243]](#cite_note-auto-243) Skepticism has risen mainly among those not considering an EV, who are becoming more united in the belief that EVs are not better for the environment.[[243]](#cite_note-auto-243) Cultural divides have contributed to the hostility, with EVs often being associated with coastal, urban elites.[[243]](#cite_note-auto-243) Misinformation about battery production, tire emissions, and electricity sources has further created negative attitudes among ICE car supporters.[[244]](#cite_note-244)
Public perception of electric vehicles varies across different countries and regions even though there is an overall increase in EV interest worldwide. In Europe, environmental concerns are forcing EV adoption, while in the U.S., cost and range anxiety are major barriers and challenges to the purchasing of EVs.[[245]](#cite_note-US_EPA-245) In China, government incentives and infrastructure growth have contributed to higher consumer confidence in EVs.[[246]](#cite_note-Alanazi_6016-246) The growing awareness of environmental benefits and government support are influencing public attitudes globally. This is gradually increasing the EV adoption rate.[[247]](#cite_note-afdc.energy.gov-247) Norway is leading the way in EV adoption and consumers are taking advantage of the tax rebate for electric vehicle purchases. 9 of 10 cars sold in Norway are electric due to this generous government incentive and Norway's wide spread charging infrastructure.[[248]](#cite_note-248)
## Government policies and incentives
[](/wiki/File:EV_parking_lot_Oslo_10_2018_3766.jpg)
*A dedicated electric car free charging and parking lot in [Oslo](/wiki/Oslo "Oslo")*
Main article: [Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles](/wiki/Government_incentives_for_plug-in_electric_vehicles "Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles")
See also: [Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles](/wiki/Phase-out_of_fossil_fuel_vehicles "Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles")
[](/wiki/File:4_out_of_10_Europeans_on_average_say_subsidies_for_electric_cars_should_be_a_priority_to_fight_climate_change,_but_there_are_disparities_among_countries..svg)
*Four out of ten Europeans interviewed for the European Investment Bank climate survey thought subsidies for electric cars should be a priority to fight climate change.*
Several national, provincial, and local governments around the world have introduced policies to support the mass-market adoption of [plug-in electric vehicles](/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle "Plug-in electric vehicle"). A variety of policies have been established to provide: financial support to consumers[*[better source needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources "Wikipedia:Verifiability")*] and manufacturers; non-monetary incentives; subsidies for the deployment of charging infrastructure; electric vehicle charging stations in buildings; and long-term regulations with specific targets.[[225]](#cite_note-EVOutlook2020-225)[[249]](#cite_note-ICCT2020-249)[[250]](#cite_note-Building_Envelopes_–_Analysis-250)
*Timeline of national targets
for full [ICE phase out](/wiki/Phase\-out_of_fossil_fuel_vehicles "Phase\-out of fossil fuel vehicles") or
100% [ZEV](/wiki/Zero\-emissions_vehicle "Zero\-emissions vehicle") car sales[[225]](#cite_note\-EVOutlook2020\-225)[[251]](#cite_note\-251)*
Financial incentives for consumers are aiming to make electric car purchase price competitive with conventional cars due to the higher upfront cost of electric vehicles.[*[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*] Depending on battery size, there are one-time purchase incentives such as [grants and tax credits](/wiki/Government_incentives_for_plug-in_electric_vehicles "Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles"); exemptions from import duties; exemptions from [road tolls](/wiki/Toll_road "Toll road") and [congestion charges](/wiki/Congestion_charge "Congestion charge"); and exemption of registration and annual fees.
Among the non-monetary incentives, there are several perks such allowing plug-in vehicles access to [bus lanes](/wiki/Bus_lane "Bus lane") and [high-occupancy vehicle lanes](/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane "High-occupancy vehicle lane"), free parking and free charging.[[249]](#cite_note-ICCT2020-249) Some countries or cities that restrict private car ownership (for example, a purchase quota system for new vehicles), or have implemented permanent [driving restrictions](/wiki/Road_space_rationing "Road space rationing") (for example, no-drive days), have these schemes exclude electric vehicles to promote their adoption.[[252]](#cite_note-QuotaEVS-252)[[253]](#cite_note-253)[[254]](#cite_note-254)[[255]](#cite_note-255)[[256]](#cite_note-256)[[257]](#cite_note-257) Several countries, including [England](/wiki/England "England") and [India](/wiki/India "India"), are introducing regulations that require electric vehicle charging stations in certain buildings.[[250]](#cite_note-Building_Envelopes_–_Analysis-250)[[258]](#cite_note-258)[[259]](#cite_note-259)
Some government have also established long term regulatory signals with specific targets such as [zero-emissions vehicle](/wiki/Zero-emissions_vehicle "Zero-emissions vehicle") (ZEV) mandates, national or regional CO2 emission regulations, stringent [fuel economy](/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles "Fuel economy in automobiles") standards, and the [phase out of internal combustion engine vehicle](/wiki/Phase-out_of_fossil_fuel_vehicles "Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles") sales.[[225]](#cite_note-EVOutlook2020-225)[[249]](#cite_note-ICCT2020-249) For example, Norway set a national goal that by 2025 all new car sales should be ZEVs ([battery electric](/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle "Battery electric vehicle") or [hydrogen](/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle "Fuel cell vehicle")).[[260]](#cite_note-260)[[261]](#cite_note-261) While these incentives aim to facilitate a quicker transition from [internal combustion](/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine "Internal combustion engine") cars, they have been criticized by some economists for creating excess [deadweight loss](/wiki/Deadweight_loss "Deadweight loss") in the electric car market, which may partially counteract environmental gains.[[262]](#cite_note-262)[[263]](#cite_note-263)[[264]](#cite_note-264)
Some experts have criticized the government incentivization of private electric cars. Transport researchers Israel Fabian and Dick Ettema have found that while government incentives can assist in lowering overall [carbon emissions](/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions "Greenhouse gas emissions"), such incentives lead to unequal distribution of resources which can lead to social exclusion and transportation burdens on certain populations.[[265]](#cite_note-265)
## Geopolitics
The emergence of [China](/wiki/China "China") as the dominant force in the EV manufacturing sector has made the EV industry a theater of [geopolitical](/wiki/Geopolitical "Geopolitical") strategy and [trade friction](/wiki/Trade_war "Trade war"). China's competitive position, built on vertical integration and overwhelming scale, has led the European Union and the U.S. to implement protective trade measures citing a variety of reasons, such as [dumping](/wiki/Dumping_(pricing_policy) "Dumping (pricing policy)"), state subsidies, production overcapacity, [national security](/wiki/National_security "National security"), and [forced labor](/wiki/Forced_labor "Forced labor"). Critics argue that such allegations are a justification for [protectionism](/wiki/Protectionism "Protectionism").[[266]](#cite_note-:102-266)[[267]](#cite_note-:112-267)[[268]](#cite_note-:132-268)[[269]](#cite_note-:142-269)
China's competitive advantage is the culmination of a decades-long industrial policy aimed at seizing global leadership in the EV sector. While Western and Japanese automakers primarily focused on refining internal combustion engines, Chinese policymakers focused on EVs with a systematic approach prioritizing technological independence, manufacturing scale, and demand creation. The resulting economies of scale and supply chain advantages allow Chinese manufacturers to offer EVs at a lower cost, putting pressure on established manufacturers.[[270]](#cite_note-:92-270)
The export of Chinese EVs has created intense market pressure in Europe and North America, leading to a wave of protectionist measures aimed at shielding domestic industries. The [European Commission](/wiki/European_Commission "European Commission"), following a vote by EU member states on 4 October 2024, to impose definitive [countervailing duties](/wiki/Countervailing_duties "Countervailing duties") (CVDs) on imports of Chinese-manufactured battery electric vehicles. These duties are set to apply by 30 October 2024.[[271]](#cite_note-271) These tariffs were levied in response to the competitive distortions alleged to stem from substantial Chinese state subsidies, which are viewed by the EU as potentially violating World Trade Organization (WTO) rules. China launched a WTO complaint in response.[[272]](#cite_note-272)
During the [first presidency of Donald Trump](/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "First presidency of Donald Trump"), the U.S. imposed a stiff 27.5 percent tariff for Chinese-made cars.[[273]](#cite_note-273) In May 2024, the U.S. imposed a higher 100% import [tariff](/wiki/Tariff "Tariff") on Chinese EVs, designed to effectively block Chinese EV imports from significantly impacting the domestic US market.[[267]](#cite_note-:112-267)[[274]](#cite_note-274) In August 2024, Canada followed the U.S. by announcing a 100% tariff on imported Chinese electric vehicles in addition to other tariffs.[[275]](#cite_note-275) As exports to North America and Europe are less profitable, Chinese manufacturers are aggressively focusing their expansion efforts on regions with fewer regulatory hurdles and soaring demand. The manufacturers recalibrated its strategy towards price-sensitive markets like Southeast Asia and Latin America.[[276]](#cite_note-276)
## Forecasts
Total global EV sales in 2030 were predicted to reach 31.1 million by [Deloitte](/wiki/Deloitte "Deloitte").[[277]](#cite_note-277) The [International Energy Agency](/wiki/International_Energy_Agency "International Energy Agency") predicted that the total global stock of EVs would reach almost 145 million by 2030 under current policies, or 230 million if Sustainable Development policies were adopted.[[278]](#cite_note-IEA2021-278)
As of 2024[[update]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit) over 700 million people don’t have electricity, mostly in [sub-Saharan Africa](/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa "Sub-Saharan Africa"). The [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank_Group "World Bank Group") and the [African Development Bank](/wiki/African_Development_Bank "African Development Bank") plan to provide access to electricity to 300 million people in that region by 2030.[[279]](#cite_note-Mission_300-279) At this time, there are just over 20,000 electric vehicles and less than 1,000 charging stations in Africa.[[280]](#cite_note-climateandcapitalmedia-280) However, EV manufacturers have already built or are planning to build production plants in 21 African countries.[[280]](#cite_note-climateandcapitalmedia-280)
## See also
- [Electric vehicle](/wiki/Electric_vehicle "Electric vehicle")
- [Battery electric vehicle](/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle "Battery electric vehicle")
- [Plug-in electric vehicle](/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle "Plug-in electric vehicle")
- [Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle](/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid_electric_vehicle "Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle")
- [Electric bus](/wiki/Electric_bus "Electric bus")
- [Electric rickshaw](/wiki/Electric_rickshaw "Electric rickshaw")
- [Solar car](/wiki/Solar_car "Solar car")
- [Electric car energy efficiency](/wiki/Electric_car_energy_efficiency "Electric car energy efficiency")
- [Electric motorcycles and scooters](/wiki/Electric_motorcycles_and_scooters "Electric motorcycles and scooters")
- [Electric vehicle warning sounds](/wiki/Electric_vehicle_warning_sounds "Electric vehicle warning sounds") – vehicle sounds for pedestrian safety
- [Electric motorsport](/wiki/Electric_motorsport "Electric motorsport")
- [Eco Grand Prix](/wiki/Eco_Grand_Prix "Eco Grand Prix")
- [Formula E](/wiki/Formula_E "Formula E")
- [List of electric cars currently available](/wiki/List_of_electric_cars_currently_available "List of electric cars currently available")
- [Vehicle-to-everything](/wiki/Vehicle-to-everything "Vehicle-to-everything") (V2X)
- [Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles](/wiki/Phase-out_of_fossil_fuel_vehicles "Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles")
- [Personal electric vehicle](/wiki/Personal_transporter "Personal transporter") (PEV)
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10. **[↑](#cite_ref-10)** ["New energy vehicles in use in China exceed 30 million"](https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/statistics/202501/17/content_WS678a06e4c6d0868f4e8eee8a.html). *english.www.gov.cn*. Retrieved 14 October 2025.
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13. **[↑](#cite_ref-China2017_13-0)** Automotive News China (16 January 2018). ["Electrified vehicle sales surge 53% in 2017"](https://www.autonews.com/china/electrified-vehicle-sales-surge-53-2017). Automotive News China. Retrieved 22 May 2020. *Chinese sales of domestically-built new energy vehicles in 2017 totaled 777,000, consisting of 652,000 all-electric vehicles and 125,000 plug-in hybrid vehicles. Sales of domestically-produced new energy passenger vehicles totaled 579,000 units, consisting of 468,000 all-electric cars and 111,000 plug-in hybrids. Only domestically built all-electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids and fuel cell vehicles qualify for government subsidies in China.*
14. **[↑](#cite_ref-China2018_14-0)** ["中汽协：2018年新能源汽车产销均超125万辆，同比增长60%"](https://www.d1ev.com/news/shuju/85937) [China Automobile Association: In 2018, the production and sales of new energy vehicles exceeded 1.25 million units, a year-on-year increase of 60%] (in Chinese). D1EV.com. 14 January 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2019. *Chinese sales of new energy vehicles in 2018 totaled 1.256 million, consisting of 984,000 all-electric vehicles and 271,000 plug-in hybrid vehicles.*
15. **[↑](#cite_ref-NEVsChina2019_15-0)** Kane, Mark (4 February 2020). ["Chinese NEVs Market Slightly Declined In 2019: Full Report"](https://insideevs.com/news/396291/chinese-nevs-market-slightly-declined-2019/). InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 30 May 2020. *Sales of new energy vehicles totaled 1,206,000 units in 2019, down 4.0% from 2018, and includes 2,737 fuel cell vehicles. Battery electric vehicle sales totaled 972,000 units (down 1.2%) and plug-in hybrid sales totaled 232,000 vehicles (down 14.5%). Sales figures include passenger cars, buses and commercial vehicles.*.
16. **[↑](#cite_ref-ChinaNEV2020_16-0)** China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM) (14 January 2021). ["Sales of New Energy Vehicles in December 2020"](http://en.caam.org.cn/Index/show/catid/34/id/140.html). CAAM. Retrieved 8 February 2021. *NEV sales in China totaled 1.637 million in 2020, consisting of 1.246 million passenger cars and 121,000 commercial vehicles.*
17. **[↑](#cite_ref-ChinaNEV2021_17-0)** China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM) (12 January 2022). ["Sales of New Energy Vehicles in December 2021"](http://en.caam.org.cn/Index/show/catid/54/id/1656.html). CAAM. Retrieved 13 January 2022. *NEV sales in China totaled 3.521 million in 2021 (all classes), consisting of 3.334 million passenger cars and 186,000 commercial vehicles.*
18. **[↑](#cite_ref-:0_18-0)** Preston, Benjamin (8 October 2020). ["EVs Offer Big Savings Over Traditional Gas-Powered Cars"](https://www.consumerreports.org/hybrids-evs/evs-offer-big-savings-over-traditional-gas-powered-cars/). *Consumer Reports*. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
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21. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Model3TopEV_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Model3TopEV_21-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Model3TopEV_21-2) Holland, Maximilian (10 February 2020). ["Tesla Passes 1 Million EV Milestone & Model 3 Becomes All Time Best Seller"](https://cleantechnica.com/2020/03/10/tesla-passes-1-million-ev-milestone-and-model-3-becomes-all-time-best-seller/). *CleanTechnica*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200412045911/https://cleantechnica.com/2020/03/10/tesla-passes-1-million-ev-milestone-and-model-3-becomes-all-time-best-seller/) from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
22. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-1miModel3_22-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-1miModel3_22-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-1miModel3_22-2) Shahan, Zachary (26 August 2021). ["Tesla Model 3 Has Passed 1 Million Sales"](https://cleantechnica.com/2021/08/26/tesla-model-3-has-passed-1-million-sales/). CleanTechnica. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
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25. **[↑](#cite_ref-Roth_2-3_25-0)** Roth, Hans (March 2011). *Das erste vierrädrige Elektroauto der Welt* [*The first four-wheeled electric car in the world*] (in German). pp. 2–3.
26. **[↑](#cite_ref-26)** Wakefield, Ernest H (1994). *History of the Electric Automobile*. Society of Automotive Engineers. pp. 2–3. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [1-5609-1299-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-5609-1299-5 "Special:BookSources/1-5609-1299-5").
27. **[↑](#cite_ref-Guarnieri,_2012_27-0)** Guarnieri, M. (2012). "Looking back to electric cars". *2012 Third IEEE HISTory of ELectro-technology CONference (HISTELCON)*. pp. 1–6. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1109/HISTELCON.2012.6487583](https://doi.org/10.1109%2FHISTELCON.2012.6487583). [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4673-3078-7](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4673-3078-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4673-3078-7").
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158. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs2021_158-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs2021_158-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs2021_158-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs2021_158-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs2021_158-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs2021_158-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs2021_158-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs2021_158-7) Jose, Pontes (30 January 2022). ["World EV Sales — Tesla Model 3 Wins 4th Consecutive Best Seller Title In Record Year"](https://cleantechnica.com/2022/01/30/world-ev-sales-tesla-model-3-wins-4th-consecutive-best-seller-title-in-record-year/). CleanTechnica. Retrieved 5 February 2022. "The top 3 global best selling plug-in electric cars in 2021 were the Tesla Model 3 (500,713), the Wuling Hongguang Mini EV (424,138), and the Tesla Model Y (410,517). Nissan Leaf sales totaled 64,201 units and Chery eQ 68,821 units."
159. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Top20Global2020_159-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Top20Global2020_159-1) Jose, Pontes (2 February 2021). ["Global Top 20 - December 2020"](http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2021/02/global-top-20-december-2020.html). EVSales.com. Retrieved 3 February 2021. "Global sales totaled 3,124,793 plug-in passenger cars in 2020, with a BEV to PHEV ratio of 69:31, and a global market share of 4%. The world's top selling plug-in car was the Tesla Model 3 with 365,240 units delivered, and Tesla was the top selling manufacturer of plug-in passenger cars in 2019 with 499,535 units, followed by VW with 220,220."
160. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Top20Global2019_160-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Top20Global2019_160-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Top20Global2019_160-2) Jose, Pontes (31 January 2020). ["Global Top 20 - December 2019"](http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2020/01/global-top-20-december-2019.html). EVSales.com. Retrieved 10 May 2020. "Global sales totaled 2,209,831 plug-in passenger cars in 2019, with a BEV to PHEV ratio of 74:26, and a global market share of 2.5%. The world's top selling plug-in car was the Tesla Model 3 with 300,075 units delivered, and Tesla was the top selling manufacturer of plug-in passenger cars in 2019 with 367,820 units, followed by BYD with 229,506."
161. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Top20Global2018_161-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Top20Global2018_161-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Top20Global2018_161-2) Jose, Pontes (31 January 2019). ["Global Top 20 - December 2018"](http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2019/01/global-top-20-december-2018.html). EVSales.com. Retrieved 31 January 2019. "Global sales totaled 2,018,247 plug-in passenger cars in 2018, with a BEV:PHEV ratio of 69:31, and a market share of 2.1%. The world's top selling plug-in car was the Tesla Model 3, and Tesla was the top selling manufacturer of plug-in passenger cars in 2018, followed by BYD."
162. **[↑](#cite_ref-1million_162-0)** Lambert, Fred (10 March 2020). ["Tesla produces its 1 millionth electric car"](https://electrek.co/2020/03/09/tesla-produces-1000000th-electric-car/). *Electrek*. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
163. **[↑](#cite_ref-Top10OEM2019_163-0)** Jose, Pontes (4 February 2020). ["2019 Global Sales by OEM"](http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2020/02/2019-sales-by-oem.html). EVSales.com. Retrieved 23 May 2020. "Tesla led plug-in car sales among automotive groups in 2019, with 367,849 units delivered, followed by BYD with 225,757, and the Renault-Nissan Alliance with 183,299. Accounting just for the all-electric segment (1.6 million electric cars sold in 2019), again Tesla was the leader, followed by BAIC (163,838), BYD (153,085), the Renault-Nissan Alliance (132,762), and SAIC (105,573)."
164. **[↑](#cite_ref-Top10OEM2018_164-0)** Jose, Pontes (3 February 2019). ["2018 Global Sales by OEM"](http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2019/02/2018-global-sales-by-oem.html). EVSales.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190204014731/http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2019/02/2018-global-sales-by-oem.html) from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2019. "Tesla led plug-in car sales among automotive groups in 2018, with 245,240 units delivered, followed by BYD with 229,338, and the Renault-Nissan Alliance with 192,711."
165. **[↑](#cite_ref-Global2018brandshares_165-0)** ["BMW sells over 140,000 plug-in cars throughout 2018"](https://www.electrive.com/2019/01/10/bmw-sells-over-140000-plug-in-cars-throughout-2018/). electricdrive.com. 10 January 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190114100618/https://www.electrive.com/2019/01/10/bmw-sells-over-140000-plug-in-cars-throughout-2018/) from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019. *The global share of plug-in electric cars by brand in 2018 was led by Tesla with 12%, followed by BYD with 11%, BMW with 9%, BAIC with 6%, and Roewe and Nissan, both with 5%.*
166. **[↑](#cite_ref-Tesla2021_166-0)** Kane, Mark (27 January 2022). ["Tesla Q4 2021 Final EV Delivery Numbers And Outlook"](https://insideevs.com/news/563407/tesla-2021q4-final-delivery-numbers/). *InsideEVs*. Retrieved 27 January 2022. "Cumulatively, Tesla sold over 2.3 million electric cars."
167. **[↑](#cite_ref-Tesla4Q2021final_167-0)** ["Tesla Fourth Quarter & Full Year 2021 Update"](https://web.archive.org/web/20240113135400/https://tesla-cdn.thron.com/static/WIIG2L_TSLA_Q4_2021_Update_O7MYNE.pdf?xseo=&response-content-disposition=inline&filename=%22tsla-q4-and-fy-2021-update.pdf%22) (PDF). [Palo Alto](/wiki/Palo_Alto "Palo Alto"): Tesla. 26 January 2022. Archived from [the original](https://tesla-cdn.thron.com/static/WIIG2L_TSLA_Q4_2021_Update_O7MYNE.pdf?xseo=&response-content-disposition=inline%3Bfilename%3D%22tsla-q4-and-fy-2021-update.pdf%22) (PDF) on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 27 January 2022. See table "Operational Summary" pp. 7 and 8 for revised and final production and sales numbers.
168. **[↑](#cite_ref-CNC20232_168-0)** Jin, Qian (1 January 2024). ["BYD sold 3.02 million vehicles in 2023, up 61.9%"](https://carnewschina.com/2024/01/01/byd-sold-3-02-million-vehicles-in-2023/). *CarNewsChina.com*. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
169. **[↑](#cite_ref-:22_169-0)** Kane, Mark (2 January 2024). ["BYD Sales Hit Massive Record In December, Overtaking Tesla"](https://insideevs.com/news/702783/byd-plugin-car-sales-december2023/). *InsideEVs*. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
170. **[↑](#cite_ref-170)** Opletal, Jiri (2 January 2024). ["BYD overtook Tesla as the world's top EV maker"](https://carnewschina.com/2024/01/02/byd-overtook-tesla-as-the-worlds-top-ev-maker/). *CarNewsChina.com*. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
171. **[↑](#cite_ref-171)** ["RENAULT, NISSAN & MITSUBISHI MOTORS ANNOUNCE COMMON ROADMAP ALLIANCE 2030: BEST OF 3 WORLDS FOR A NEW FUTURE"](https://en.media.alliance-2022.com/news/renault-nissan-mitsubishi-motors-announce-common-roadmap-alliance-2030-best-of-3-worlds-for-a-new-future-fd6e-989c5.html) (Press release). Paris, Tokyo, Yokohama: Media Alliance Website. 27 January 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022. "In the main markets (Europe, Japan, the US, China) 15 Alliance plants already produce parts, motors, batteries for 10 EV models on the streets, with more than 1 million EV cars sold so far and 30 billion e-kilometers driven."
172. **[↑](#cite_ref-Renault2019_172-0)** ["2019 Universal Registration Document"](https://group.renault.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/urd_2019_-3-avril_14h.pdf) (PDF). 19 March 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020. "Since 2010, the Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi alliance has sold over 800,000 100%-electric vehicles" *See pp. 24 and 39. Since the launch of the Renault electric program, the Group has sold more than 252,000 electric vehicles in Europe and more than 273,550 electric vehicles worldwide. Since inception, a total of 181,893 Zoe cars, 48,821 Kangoo Z.E. electric vans and 29,118 Twitzy quadricycles have been sold globally through December 2019. Global sales of the Zoe totaled 48,269 units in 2019, and Kangoo ZE totaled 10,349.*
173. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Leaf650K_173-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Leaf650K_173-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Leaf650K_173-2) Kane, Mark (25 July 2023). ["Nissan Global BEV Sales Surpassed One Million"](https://insideevs.com/news/678579/nissan-global-bev-sales-one-million/). InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
174. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Renault2020_174-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Renault2020_174-1) ["2020 Universal Registration Document"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210829011629/https://www.renaultgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/renault-deu-2020-accessible-version.pdf) (PDF). 15 March 2021. Archived from [the original](https://www.renaultgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/renault-deu-2020-accessible-version.pdf) (PDF) on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021. "Since it launched its electric program, Renault has sold more than 370,000 electric vehicles in Europe and more than 397,000 worldwide: 284,800 ZOE, 59,150 KANGOO Z.E., 11,400 FLUENCE Z.E./SM3 Z.E., 4,600 K-Z.E., 31,100 TWIZY, 770 MASTER Z.E. and 5,100 TWINGO Electric in 2020." *See pp. 28.*
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176. **[↑](#cite_ref-GlobalTopModelZSW2019_176-0)** Zentrum für Sonnenenergieund Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) (26 February 2020). ["ZSW analysis shows global number of EVs at 7.9 million"](https://www.electrive.com/2020/02/26/zsw-analysis-shows-global-number-of-evs-at-7-9-million/). electrive.com. Retrieved 17 May 2020. *See table: Global cumulative EV registrations (by models)*
177. **[↑](#cite_ref-177)** Shahan, Zachary (15 May 2021). ["10 European Countries: Volkswagen ID.4 & ID.3 Top EV Sales List In April, Tesla Model 3 & VW ID.4 In January–April"](https://cleantechnica.com/2021/05/15/10-european-countries-volkswagen-id-4-id-3-top-ev-sales-list-in-april-tesla-model-3-vw-id-4-in-january-april/). *CleanTechnica*. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
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181. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs062023_181-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs062023_181-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs062023_181-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs062023_181-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs062023_181-4) Pontes, José (2 August 2023). ["World EV Sales Now 19% Of World Auto Sales!"](https://cleantechnica.com/2023/08/02/world-ev-sales-now-19-of-world-auto-sales/). *CleanTechnica*. Retrieved 6 August 2023. "The top 5 global best selling plug-in electric cars during the first half of 2023 were the Tesla Model Y (579,552), the Tesla Model 3 (279,320), the BYD Song (BEV + PHEV) with 259,723, the BYD Qin Plus (BEV + PHEV) with 204,529 and the BYD Yuan Plus/Atto 3 (201,505). The Wuling Hongguang Mini EV sold 122,052 units, the BYD Han (BEV + PHEV) 96,437 units and the VW ID.4 86,481 units."
182. **[↑](#cite_ref-182)** Jose, Pontes (4 February 2021). ["Global Electric Vehicle Top 20 — EV Sales Report"](https://cleantechnica.com/2021/02/04/global-electric-vehicle-top-20-ev-sales-report/). CleanTechnica. Retrieved 5 February 2022. Global sales of the Tesla Model Y totaled 79,734 units in 2020.
183. **[↑](#cite_ref-183)** Akhtar, Riz (29 January 2024). ["Tesla Model Y confirmed as world's best-selling car in 2023, beating Rav4 and Corolla"](https://thedriven.io/2024/01/29/tesla-model-y-confirmed-as-worlds-best-selling-car-in-2023-beating-rav4-and-corolla/). *The Driven*. Retrieved 31 January 2024. "The Model Y first emerged as a best seller in the first quarter of last year, and now data firm Jato Dynamics has confirmed that it maintained this status for the entire year, selling 1.23 million cars."
184. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:11_184-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:11_184-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:11_184-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:11_184-3) Pontes, José (5 February 2024). ["World EV Sales Report — Tesla Model Y is the Best Selling Model in the World!"](https://cleantechnica.com/2024/02/05/world-ev-sales-report-tesla-model-y-is-the-best-selling-model-in-the-world/). *CleanTechnica*. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
185. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:14_185-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:14_185-1) Shahan, Zachary (4 October 2024). ["Cumulative Tesla Model 3 & Model Y Sales Pass 6 Million — Charts"](https://cleantechnica.com/2024/10/04/cumulative-tesla-model-3-model-y-sales-pass-6-million/). *CleanTechnica*. Retrieved 17 January 2025.
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187. **[↑](#cite_ref-187)** Morris, James (29 May 2021). ["Tesla Model 3 Is Now 16th Bestselling Car In The World"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesmorris/2021/05/29/tesla-model-3-is-now-16th-bestselling-car-in-the-world/?sh=5b9c811d45d1). *Forbes*. Retrieved 5 February 2022. "(The Model 3) ... is now the bestselling EV of all time as well, with over 800,000 units sold overall."
188. **[↑](#cite_ref-WHMiniEV2020_188-0)** Winton, Neil (4 March 2021). ["Europe's Electric Car Sales Will Beat 1 Million In 2021, But Growth Will Slow Later; Report"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/neilwinton/2021/03/04/europes-electric-car-sales-will-beat-1-million-in-2021-but-growth-will-slow-later-report/?sh=50645bf613bf). *Forbes*. Retrieved 30 August 2021. "Globally, according to Inovev, the biggest selling car in 2020 was the Tesla Model 3 – 365,240 with a 17% market share - followed by the Wuling Hong Guang Mini EV (127,651)"
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264. **[↑](#cite_ref-264)** IRVINE, IAN (2017). "Electric Vehicle Subsidies in the Era of Attribute-Based Regulations". *Canadian Public Policy*. **43** (1): 50–60. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.3138/cpp.2016-010](https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fcpp.2016-010). [ISSN](/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0317-0861](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0317-0861). [JSTOR](/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier) "JSTOR (identifier)") [90001503](https://www.jstor.org/stable/90001503). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [157078916](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157078916).
265. **[↑](#cite_ref-265)** Israel Fabian, Dick Ettema, Dea van Lierop (17 November 2023). ["Mechanisms with equity implications for the (non-) adoption of electric mobility in the early stage of the energy transition"](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01441647.2023.2283497#abstract). *Transport Reviews*.`{{[cite journal](/wiki/Template:Cite_journal "Template:Cite journal")}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list"))
266. **[↑](#cite_ref-:102_266-0)** Shepardson, David (8 May 2024). ["US could ban Chinese connected vehicles or impose restrictions"](https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-could-ban-chinese-connected-vehicles-or-impose-restrictions-us-commerce-2024-05-08/). *[Reuters](/wiki/Reuters "Reuters")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240512051214/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-could-ban-chinese-connected-vehicles-or-impose-restrictions-us-commerce-2024-05-08/) from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
267. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:112_267-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:112_267-1) Hunnicutt, Trevor; Holland, Steve (14 May 2024). ["Biden sharply hikes US tariffs on an array of Chinese imports"](https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/biden-sharply-hikes-us-tariffs-billions-chinese-chips-cars-2024-05-14/). *[Reuters](/wiki/Reuters "Reuters")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240516192031/https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/biden-sharply-hikes-us-tariffs-billions-chinese-chips-cars-2024-05-14/) from the original on 16 May 2024. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
268. **[↑](#cite_ref-:132_268-0)** Cheng, Evelyn (5 April 2024). ["Yellen kicks off China meetings with overcapacity concerns, encouraging market-oriented reforms"](https://www.cnbc.com/2024/04/05/yellen-kicks-off-china-meetings-with-overcapacity-concerns-encouraging-market-oriented-reforms.html). *[CNBC](/wiki/CNBC "CNBC")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240509173302/https://www.cnbc.com/2024/04/05/yellen-kicks-off-china-meetings-with-overcapacity-concerns-encouraging-market-oriented-reforms.html) from the original on 9 May 2024. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
269. **[↑](#cite_ref-:142_269-0)** Ben-Achour, Sabri (6 May 2024). ["U.S., Europe vexed by China's "overcapacity" of clean-energy goods"](https://www.marketplace.org/2024/05/06/u-s-and-europe-chafe-over-overcapacity-but-is-it-real/). *[Marketplace](/wiki/Marketplace_(radio_program) "Marketplace (radio program)")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240509002924/https://www.marketplace.org/2024/05/06/u-s-and-europe-chafe-over-overcapacity-but-is-it-real/) from the original on 9 May 2024. Retrieved 9 May 2024. ""I think it's an excuse for protectionism," said Nicholas Lardy, a senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics. He said when it comes to electric vehicles, there isn't overcapacity. China is just better at making them, and the U.S. and Europe are bitter. That's basically what China says too."
270. **[↑](#cite_ref-:92_270-0)** Wu, Yi (10 August 2023). ["China's Electric Vehicle Supply Chain and Its Future Prospects"](https://www.china-briefing.com/news/chinas-electric-vehicle-supply-chain-and-its-future-prospects/). *China Briefing News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240307172443/https://www.china-briefing.com/news/chinas-electric-vehicle-supply-chain-and-its-future-prospects/) from the original on 7 March 2024. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
271. **[↑](#cite_ref-271)** O'Carroll, Lisa (4 October 2024). ["EU leaders back extra Chinese EV tariffs despite split vote"](https://www.theguardian.com/business/2024/oct/04/eu-chinese-ev-tariffs-split-vote-germany-car-firms). Retrieved 7 October 2024.
272. **[↑](#cite_ref-272)** Gijs, Camille (4 November 2024). ["China sues the EU over EV duties"](https://www.politico.eu/article/china-sues-the-eu-over-ev-duties/). *[Politico](/wiki/Politico "Politico")*. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
273. **[↑](#cite_ref-273)** ["Miles apart: The US and Europe diverge on China car threat"](https://www.politico.eu/article/china-us-europe-electric-cars-miles-apart-the-us-and-europe-diverge-on-car-threat/). *POLITICO*. 23 June 2023. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231115031613/https://www.politico.eu/article/china-us-europe-electric-cars-miles-apart-the-us-and-europe-diverge-on-car-threat/) from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
274. **[↑](#cite_ref-274)** ["IMF Knocks Biden's China Tariffs as Risk to US, World Growth (1)"](https://news.bloomberglaw.com/international-trade/us-better-served-with-open-trade-than-china-tariffs-imf-says). *news.bloomberglaw.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240904161201/https://news.bloomberglaw.com/international-trade/us-better-served-with-open-trade-than-china-tariffs-imf-says) from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
275. **[↑](#cite_ref-275)** Gillies, Rob (26 August 2024). ["Canada imposes a 100% tariff on imports of Chinese-made electric vehicles, matching the US"](https://apnews.com/article/canada-china-evs-tariffs-0cd68ba7533bc6e7111cdd5811c8889c). *[Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240904161202/https://apnews.com/article/canada-china-evs-tariffs-0cd68ba7533bc6e7111cdd5811c8889c) from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
276. **[↑](#cite_ref-276)** ["HKTDC Research"](https://research.hktdc.com/en/article/MTg1MzM4NDgzOQ). *research.hktdc.com*. Retrieved 14 October 2025.
277. **[↑](#cite_ref-277)** Walton, Bryn; Hamilton, Jamie; Alberts, Geneviève (28 July 2020). ["Electric vehicles: Setting a course for 2030"](https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/focus/future-of-mobility/electric-vehicle-trends-2030.html#:~:text=reaching%2031.1%20million%20by%202030). *Deloitte.com*. Deloitte. Retrieved 31 July 2021. "Our global EV forecast is for a compound annual growth rate of 29 per cent achieved over the next ten years: Total EV sales growing from 2.5 million in 2020 to 11.2 million in 2025, then reaching 31.1 million by 2030."
278. **[↑](#cite_ref-IEA2021_278-0)** ["Prospects for electric vehicle deployment"](https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2021/prospects-for-electric-vehicle-deployment#:~:text=145%20million%20vehicles%20by%202030). *IEA.org*. International Energy Agency. April 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
279. **[↑](#cite_ref-Mission_300_279-0)** ["Connecting Millions to Electricity in Africa With "Mission 300""](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2024/09/19/five-ways-the-world-bank-will-achieve-mission-300). *www.worldbank.org*. World Bank Group. 19 September 2024. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
280. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-climateandcapitalmedia_280-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-climateandcapitalmedia_280-1) August, Oliver (21 June 2024). ["Whisper it quietly, but Africa is starting to mass-manufacture electric vehicles"](https://www.climateandcapitalmedia.com/whisper-it-quietly-but-africa-is-starting-to-mass-manufacture-electric-vehicles/). *www.climateandcapitalmedia.com*. Climate & Capital Media. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
## Further reading
- Denton, Tom (2016). *Electric and Hybrid Vehicles* (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-032-55680-2](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-032-55680-2 "Special:BookSources/978-1-032-55680-2"). [OCLC](/wiki/OCLC_(identifier) "OCLC (identifier)") [1391688119](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1391688119).
- Husain, Iqbal (2011). *Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: Design Fundamentals* (2nd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-138-59058-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-59058-8 "Special:BookSources/978-1-138-59058-8"). [OCLC](/wiki/OCLC_(identifier) "OCLC (identifier)") [1233316491](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1233316491).
- Kumar, Shobha, ed. (2021). *Electric Vehicle Engineering*. Cham: Springer.
- Leitman, Seth; Brant, Bob (2013). *Build Your Own Electric Vehicle* (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-07-177056-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-177056-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-07-177056-9").
- Warner, Mark (2011). *The Electric Vehicle Conversion Handbook*. Tucson: HPBooks. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-55788-568-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55788-568-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-55788-568-5").
- Toms, Ron L. (1993). *Convert It!*. Victoria: Trafford. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-55369-097-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55369-097-9 "Special:BookSources/978-1-55369-097-9").
- Wilson, Kevin A. (2022). *The Electric Vehicle Revolution*. London: Bloomsbury. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4728-5658-6](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-5658-6 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-5658-6").
- Eisler, Matthew N. (2022). *Age of Auto Electric*. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-262-54457-3](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-54457-3 "Special:BookSources/978-0-262-54457-3").
- Llewellyn, Robert (2020). *The Fully Charged Guide to Electric Vehicles & Clean Energy*. Bath: Fully Charged Media. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-78352-858-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78352-858-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-78352-858-5").
- Calp, Brian (2023). *Electric Cars For Dummies*. Hoboken: Wiley. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-119-88735-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-88735-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-119-88735-5").
## External links
[Portals](/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals "Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"):
-  [Cars](/wiki/Portal:Cars "Portal:Cars")
-  [History of science](/wiki/Portal:History_of_science "Portal:History of science")
- [](/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg) [Energy](/wiki/Portal:Energy "Portal:Energy")
- [](/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg) [Environment](/wiki/Portal:Environment "Portal:Environment")
**Electric car** at Wikipedia's [sister projects](/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects "Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"):
- [](/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg)[**Definitions**](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Electric_car "wikt:Special:Search/Electric car") from Wiktionary
- [](/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg)[**Media**](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Electrically-powered_automobiles "c:Category:Electrically-powered automobiles") from Commons
- [](/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg)[**Textbooks**](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Electric_Vehicle_Conversion/Technologies "b:Electric Vehicle Conversion/Technologies") from Wikibooks
- [**Data**](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193692 "d:Q193692") from Wikidata
- [How an electric car works](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3SAxXUIre28)
- [Wikiversity:Can electric cars significantly help humanity get off fossil fuels?](https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Can_electric_cars_significantly_help_humanity_get_off_fossil_fuels%3F "wikiversity:Can electric cars significantly help humanity get off fossil fuels?")
- [Electric cars range in 2022: table with 100 different models](https://hourglassnow.com/electric-cars-range-list-and-comparisons/)
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Types of Electric Vehicles: BEVs, PHEVs, HEVs - What's the Difference?
https://www.evgo.com/ev-drivers/types-of-evs/Battery Electric Vehicles, also called BEVs and more frequently called EVs, are fully electric vehicles with rechargeable batteries and no gasoline engine.
[Skip to main content](#main) [EVgo Fast Charging](/) [Sign Up](https://account.evgo.com/register/) Search Open menu Search [Download App](/download-app/)[Log In](https://account.evgo.com/login)[Sign Up](https://account.evgo.com/register/) # Types of Electric Vehicles A brief overview of EV options [Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)](/ev-drivers/types-of-evs/#bevs) #### Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) Powered solely by an electric battery, with no gas engine parts. Most BEVs are capable of fast charging and L2 charging. Zero emissions. [Learn More](/ev-drivers/types-of-evs/#bevs) [Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)](/ev-drivers/types-of-evs/#phevs) #### Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) Similar to a Hybrid, but with a larger battery and electric motor. Has a gas tank and a charging port. Can charge by using L2 chargers. [Learn More](/ev-drivers/types-of-evs/#phevs) [Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)](/ev-drivers/types-of-evs/#hevs) #### Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) Low-emission vehicles that use an electric motor to assist gas-powered engines. All energy comes from gasoline. Cannot charge with EVgo. [Learn More](/ev-drivers/types-of-evs/#hevs) ## EVgo Fast Charges All Battery Electric Vehicles EVgo's fast charging locations serve all fast-charge capable EVs on the market today. Current fast-charge capable EV models are listed below: All Manufacturer  #### Acura ZDX The Acura ZDX is a premium battery-electric (BEV) midsize luxury crossover SUV. 313 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Audi e-tron The Audi e-tron is an all-electric SUV. 222 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Audi e-tron Sportback The Audi e-tron Sportback is an all-electric SUV coupe. 218 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Audi e-tron GT The Audi e-tron GT is an all-electric sedan. 249 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Audi Q4 e-tron The Audi Q4 e-tron is an all-electric SUV. 258 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Audi Q8 e-tron The Audi Q8 e-tron is an all-electric premium SUV. 285 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### BMW i3 The BMW i3 is a compact, all-electric sedan. 153 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### BMW i4 The BMW i4 is a four door all-electric Gran Coupe. 245 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### BMW i7 The BMW i7 is an all-electric sedan. 318 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### BMW iX The BMW iX is an all-electric SUV. 324 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Cadillac LYRIQ The Cadillac LYRIQ is an all-electric compact SUV. 312 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Chevrolet Bolt EV The Chevrolet Bolt is an all-electric hatchback. 259 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Chevrolet Bolt EUV The Chevrolet Bolt EUV is an all-electric small SUV. 247 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Chevrolet Blazer EV The Chevrolet Blazer EV is an all-electric SUV. 324 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Chevrolet Equinox EV The Chevrolet Equinox EV is an all-electric SUV. 319 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Chevrolet Silverado EV The Chevrolet Silver EV is an all-electric truck. 440 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Fisker Ocean The Fisker Ocean is an all-electric SUV. 360 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Ford Mustang Mach-e The Ford Mustang Mach-e is an all-electric SUV. 300 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Ford F-150 Lightning The Ford F-150 Lightning is an all-electric full size pick-up truck. 230 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Ford E- Transit Van The Ford E-Transit is an all-electric cargo van. 159 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Genesis GV60 The Genesis GV60 is an all-electric SUV. 248 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Genesis GV70 The Genesis GV70 is an all-electric luxury SUV. 236 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Genesis Electrified G80 The Genesis Electrified G80 is a full size luxury sedan. 282 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### GMC Hummer EV The GMC Hummer EV is an all-electric truck. 329 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Honda Prologue The Honda Prologue is an all-electric SUV. 296 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Hyundai Ioniq Electric The Hyundai Ioniq Electric is an all-electric hatchback. 170 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Hyundai KONA Electric The Hyundai KONA Electric is an all-electric subcompact SUV. 258 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Hyundai Ioniq 5 The Hyundai Ioniq 5 is an all-electric SUV. 303 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Hyundai IONIQ 6 The Hyundai IONIQ 6 is an all-electric sedan. 361 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Jaguar I-PACE The Jaguar I-Pace is an all-electric SUV. 246 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Kia Niro EV The Kia Niro EV is a five-passenger crossover electric vehicle. 238 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Kia EV6 The Kia EV6 is an all-electric compact crossover SUV. 310 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Kia EV9 The Kia EV9 is an all-electric SUV. 304 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Lexus RZ The Lexus RZ is an all-electric luxury SUV. 266 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Lexus RZ 450e The Lexus RZ 450e is an all-electric luxury SUV. 220 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Lordstown Endurance The Lordstown Endurance is an all-electric pickup truck. 200 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Lucid Air Dream Edition The Lucid Air Dream Edition is an all-electric luxury sedan. 520 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Maxwell ePro The Maxwell ePro is an all-electric commercial vehicle with best-in-class price and performance. 200 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Mazda MX-30 The Mazda MX-30 is an all-electric compact crossover. 100 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Mercedes-Benz EQS The Mercedes-Benz EQS is an all-electric sedan. 350 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Mercedes-Benz EQB The Mercedes-Benz EQB is an all-electric SUV. 251 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Mercedes-Benz EQE The Mercedes-Benz EQE is an all-electric sedan. 298 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Mercedes-Benz EQS SUV The Mercedes-Benz EQS SUV is an all-electric SUV. 339 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Mercedes-Benz EQS 450 The Mercedes-Benz EQS 450 is an all-electric sedan. 352 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### MINI Cooper Electric The MINI Electric is an all-electric two door hatchback. 114 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Nissan LEAF The Nissan LEAF is a compact hatchback all-electric vehicle. 150 Range (miles)  CHAdeMO Connector  #### Nissan LEAF Plus The Nissan LEAF Plus is a compact hatchback all-electric vehicle. 226 Range (miles)  CHAdeMO Connector  #### Nissan ARIYA The Nissan ARIYA is an all-electric crossover SUV. 300 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Polestar 2 The Polestar 2 is an all-electric hatchback. 265 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Porsche Taycan 4S The Porsche Taycan 4S is an all-electric sport sedan. 227 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Rivian R1T The Rivian R1T is an all-electric pickup truck. 314 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Rivian R1S The Rivian R1S is an all-electric SUV. 316 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Subaru Solterra The Subaru Solterra is an all-electric compact crossover. 228 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Tesla Model X The Tesla Model X is a mid-size all-electric luxury crossover. 289 Range (miles)  Tesla Connector  #### Tesla Model Y The Tesla Model Y is an all-electric, mid-size SUV. 300 Range (miles)  Tesla Connector  #### Tesla Model S The Tesla Model S is an all-electric sports sedan. 348 Range (miles)  Tesla Connector  #### Tesla Model 3 The Tesla Model 3 is an all-electric fastback mid-size sedan. 267 Range (miles)  Tesla Connector  #### Tesla Model S Plaid The Tesla Model S Plaid is an all-electric sedan. 396 Range (miles)  Tesla Connector  #### Toyota bZ4X The Toyota bZ4X is an all-electric compact crossover. 227 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### VinFast VF8 The VinFast VF8 is an all-electric mid-size SUV. 292 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Volkswagen ID.4 The Volkswagen ID.4 is an all-electric SUV. 250 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Volvo C40 Recharge The Volvo C40 Recharge is an all-electric compact SUV. 226 Range (miles)  CCS Connector  #### Volvo XC40 Recharge The Volvo XC40 Recharge is an all-electric compact SUV. 208 Range (miles)  CCS Connector ### Learn More About BEVs  Battery Electric Vehicles, also called BEVs and more frequently called EVs, are fully electric vehicles with rechargeable batteries and no gasoline engine. All energy to run the vehicle comes from the battery pack which is recharged from the grid. BEVs are zero emissions vehicles, as they do not generate any harmful tailpipe emissions or air pollution hazards caused by traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. Some popular EV models are pictured here and a full list of available fast charging EV models is available in the chart above. ### Learn More About PHEVs  Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles, or PHEVs, have both an engine and electric motor to drive the car. Like regular hybrids, they can recharge their battery through regenerative braking. They differ from regular hybrids by having a much larger battery, and being able to plug into the grid to recharge. While regular hybrids can (at low speed) travel 1-2 miles before the gasoline engine turns on, PHEVs can go anywhere from 10-40 miles before their gas engines provide assistance. Once the all-electric range is depleted, PHEVs act as regular hybrids, and can travel several hundred miles on a tank of gasoline. All PHEVs can charge at an EVgo L2 charger, but most PHEVs are not capable of supporting fast charging. PHEV Examples: Audi A3 E-Tron • Audi Q5 TFSIe PHEV • Audi A7 TFSIe • Bentley Bentagya • BMW 330e • BMWi8 • BMWx5 xdrive40e • Chevy Volt • Chrysler Pacifica • Fiat 500e • Ford C-Max Energi • Ferrari SF90 Stradale • Ford Escape PHEV • Ford Fusion Energi • Hyundai IONIQ PHEV • Hyundai Sonata • Jeep Wrangler 4xe • Karma Revero GT • Kia Optima • Land Rover Range Rover PHEV • Lincoln Aviator Grand Touring • Mercedes C530e • Mercedes S550e • Mercedes GLE550e • Mini Cooper SE Countryman • Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV • Porsche Cayenne S E-Hybrid • Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid • Subaru Crosstrek PHEV • Toyota Prius • Toyota RAV4 • Volvo XC90 TB • Volvo XC60 T8 PHEV ### Learn More About HEVs  Hybrid Electric Vehicles, or HEVs, have both a gas-powered engine and an electric motor to drive the car. All energy for the battery is gained through regenerative braking, which recoups otherwise lost energy in braking to assist the gasoline engine during acceleration. In a traditional internal combustion engine vehicle, this braking energy is normally lost as heat in the brake pads and rotors. Regular hybrids cannot plug into the grid to recharge and cannot charge with EVgo. ## One Of The Nation's Largest Public Fast Charging Networks [Find a Fast Charger](/find-a-charger/) 
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Best Electric Cars of 2026 and 2027 - Expert Reviews and Rankings | Edmunds
https://www.edmunds.com/electric-car/Edmunds expert reviewers rank the best electric vehicles of 2026. Tesla Model 3 Long Range. Hyundai IONIQ 6. Kia EV6 GT-Line Best Midsize electric SUVs 2026 ...
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# Best Electric Cars of 2026 and 2027Best Electric Cars of 2026 and 2027
This page categorizes electric cars by size and ranks them by their Edmunds Ratings — a detailed 10-point scoring system that reflects our testing team's comprehensive evaluation of each vehicle. This single score is backed by an in-depth analysis across seven key categories, including driving performance, comfort, cargo space, value, fuel efficiency and more. For a deeper dive into how each vehicle performs in these areas, you can explore individual vehicle pages for detailed category breakdowns.
**Read MoreRead Less**
Our process is rigorous: We spend hundreds of miles behind the wheel, living with each vehicle in real-world conditions to understand how well it meets daily needs. Unlike most publications, we also conduct instrumented testing at our dedicated test track, providing empirical data to support every review. What you'll find here is our honest, unbiased and fully independent evaluation of each electric car and how it stacks up against the competition. Read more about [how we test electric cars](/car-reviews/features/how-we-test-cars-and-trucks.html).
This page categorizes electric cars by size and ranks them by their Edmunds Ratings — a detailed 10-point scoring system that reflects our testing team's comprehensive evaluation of each vehicle. This single score is backed by an in-depth analysis across seven key categories, including driving performance, comfort, cargo space, value, fuel efficiency and more. For a deeper dive into how each vehicle performs in these areas, you can explore individual vehicle pages for detailed category breakdowns.
**Read MoreRead Less**
Our process is rigorous: We spend hundreds of miles behind the wheel, living with each vehicle in real-world conditions to understand how well it meets daily needs. Unlike most publications, we also conduct instrumented testing at our dedicated test track, providing empirical data to support every review. What you'll find here is our honest, unbiased and fully independent evaluation of each electric car and how it stacks up against the competition. Read more about [how we test electric cars](/car-reviews/features/how-we-test-cars-and-trucks.html).
Jump to:
Electric cars
Small electric SUVs
Midsize electric SUVs
Electric trucks
Electric vans
Luxury electric cars
Small luxury electric SUVs
Midsize luxury electric SUVs
Large luxury electric SUVs
Super luxury electric cars
Super luxury electric SUVs
Performance electric cars
Performance electric SUVs
Exotic performance electric cars
Jump to:
Electric cars
Small electric SUVs
Midsize electric SUVs
Electric trucks
Electric vans
Luxury electric cars
Small luxury electric SUVs
Midsize luxury electric SUVs
Large luxury electric SUVs
Super luxury electric cars
Super luxury electric SUVs
Performance electric cars
Performance electric SUVs
Exotic performance electric cars
Read next:
[Edmunds EV Hub](/electric-car/articles/)
Learn more about EVs with our latest research, tips and advice
[Search EV tax credits & rebates](/electric-car/tax-credits-rebates-incentives/)
Find electric vehicle discounts available for you
[EV Buying Guide](/electric-car/articles/ev-buying-guide/)
Considering an electric vehicle? Our guide can help at any stage
## Best Electric cars
Mainstream electric cars are the entry point for many EV shoppers, providing a driving range of anywhere from about 100 miles to well over 200. Expect spirited acceleration, too.
**Read MoreRead Less**
1. #12026 Tesla Model 3 Long Range
2. #22025 Hyundai IONIQ 6
3. #32027 Chevrolet Bolt
4. #42026 Nissan LEAF
5. #52026 FIAT 500e
1st
Introduced in 2017
### [Read full review about2026 Tesla Model 3 Long Range](/tesla/model-3/2026/)
Edmunds Rating
8.4/10
The Tesla Model 3 offers an enticing combination of performance, comfort and range, and its price continues to undercut the competition. The updated Model 3 also impresses with its improved ride comfort and added amenities such as ventilated front seats. It's a great choice for a well-rounded EV. Read full review
---
MSRP
$36,990 - $54,990
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
338 mi
Compare Tesla Model 3 Long Range
2nd
Introduced in 2023
### [Read full review about2025 Hyundai IONIQ 6](/hyundai/ioniq-6/2025/)
Edmunds Rating
7.8/10
**About Hyundai IONIQ 6Read Summary Close Summary**
The Ioniq 6 looks like nothing else on the road and has plenty of range. It's fun to drive, too. Tight rear headroom and cargo space are its main drawbacks. Read full review
---
MSRP
$37,850 - $54,600
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
303 mi
Compare Hyundai IONIQ 6
3rd
Redesigned in 2027
### [Read full review about2027 Chevrolet Bolt](/chevrolet/bolt/2027/)
Edmunds Rating
6.9/10
**About Chevrolet BoltRead Summary Close Summary**
The Chevrolet Bolt is an affordable electric hatchback that returns with more range, quicker charging and improved technology features. We like that it’s peppy, easy to park, and offers more utility than its small size would suggest. It has some drawbacks, but overall, we recommend the Bolt if you want an inexpensive and versatile EV. Read full review
---
MSRP
$27,600 - $31,600
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
290 mi
Compare Chevrolet Bolt
See all electric cars
See all electric cars
## Best Small electric SUVs
**Read MoreRead Less**
1. #12026 Hyundai IONIQ 5 Limited AWD
2. #22026 Tesla Model Y Long Range
3. #32025 Kia EV6 GT-Line
4. #52026 Ford Mustang Mach-E Extended Range AWD
5. #62026 Subaru Trailseeker
1st
Introduced in 2022
### [Read full review about2026 Hyundai IONIQ 5 Limited AWD](/hyundai/ioniq-5/2026/)
Edmunds Rating
8.3/10
The Hyundai Ioniq 5 is a great choice for an electric crossover SUV. It comes with a lot of helpful tech features and has a good amount of range. It's also capable of charging very quickly, which is a big benefit on long drives. Cargo space is lackluster, but otherwise there's very little to fault with the Ioniq 5. Read full review
---
MSRP
$35,000 - $48,975
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
282 mi
Compare Hyundai IONIQ 5 Limited AWD
2nd
Introduced in 2020
### [Read full review about2026 Tesla Model Y Long Range](/tesla/model-y/2026/)
Edmunds Rating
8.2/10
**About Tesla Model Y Long RangeRead Summary Close Summary**
The Tesla Model Y has a comfy interior for passengers and lots of space for your stuff. It's decently fun to drive, too, with quick acceleration and over 300 miles of driving range. The Y's advanced driving features that can significantly reduce the tedium of driving are icing on the cake. We think the updated Y is one of the best electric SUVs you can buy overall. Read full review
---
MSRP
$39,990 - $57,490
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
327 mi
Compare Tesla Model Y Long Range
3rd
Introduced in 2022
### [Read full review about2025 Kia EV6 GT-Line](/kia/ev6/2025/)
Edmunds Rating
7.4/10
**About Kia EV6 GT-LineRead Summary Close Summary**
The Kia EV6 is worth a look if you're looking for an electric SUV that prioritizes driving enjoyment. It's got plenty of power, sharp steering and well-balanced handling. But there are better options out there if you're after a cushy ride or lots of cargo space. Read full review
---
MSRP
$42,900 - $63,800
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
296 mi
Compare Kia EV6 GT-Line
See all small electric SUVs
See all small electric SUVs
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## Best Midsize electric SUVs
**Read MoreRead Less**
1. #12026 Hyundai IONIQ 9
2. #22026 Kia EV9 GT-Line
3. #32025 Volkswagen ID. Buzz Pro S Plus 4Motion
4. #42026 Honda Prologue Elite AWD
5. #52026 Chevrolet Blazer EV RS
1st
Introduced in 2026
### [Read full review about2026 Hyundai IONIQ 9](/hyundai/ioniq-9/2026/)
Edmunds Rating
8.4/10
The Hyundai Ioniq 9 is an excellent pick for an electric three-row SUV. We like its refined interior, smooth ride quality and quick acceleration. You might not love its styling, but it's clear that the Ioniq 9 has no intentions of blending in. Read full review
---
MSRP
$58,955 - $76,490
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
366 mi
Compare Hyundai IONIQ 9
[$385/mo lease found!](/lease-deals/)
This exceptionally rare deal is $268 below typical
2nd
Introduced in 2024
### [Read full review about2026 Kia EV9 GT-Line](/kia/ev9/2026/)
Edmunds Rating
8.2/10
**About Kia EV9 GT-LineRead Summary Close Summary**
The Kia EV9 delivers a luxuriously quiet drive and high-quality features that elevate every commute or jaunt alike. It's an appealing choice for families ready to transition into the electric realm, without compromising on much of anything. Read full review
---
MSRP
$54,900 - $71,900
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
306 mi
Compare Kia EV9 GT-Line
3rd
Introduced in 2025
### [Read full review about2025 Volkswagen ID. Buzz Pro S Plus 4Motion](/volkswagen/id-buzz/2025/)
Edmunds Rating
8.1/10
**About Volkswagen ID. Buzz Pro S Plus 4MotionRead Summary Close Summary**
At first glance, the Volkswagen ID. Buzz might seem like a novelty, a cutesy and colorful throwback to the old VW Bus. But live with this van and you'll discover that it's genuinely useful for families. There's lots of space, plenty of tech, and some clever little interior touches. More range would be nice, but the ID. Buzz is nevertheless a compelling alternative to other three-row EVs. Read full review
---
MSRP
$59,995 - $69,995
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
262 mi
Compare Volkswagen ID. Buzz Pro S Plus 4Motion
See all midsize electric SUVs
See all midsize electric SUVs
## Best Electric trucks
**Read MoreRead Less**
1. #12026 Rivian R1T
2. #22025 Ford F-150 Lightning Platinum
3. #32026 Tesla Cybertruck
4. #42026 GMC Sierra EV
5. #52026 Chevrolet Silverado EV
1st
[2026 Rivian R1T Shop the 2026 Rivian R1TAd Shop the 2026 Rivian R1TAd Shop the 2026 Rivian R1TAd](https://ad.doubleclick.net/ddm/trackclk/N2429713.2990EDMUNDS.COMINC/B35285991.451728032;dc_trk_aid=645428982;dc_trk_cid=259551328;dc_lat=;dc_rdid=;tag_for_child_directed_treatment=;tfua=;gdpr=${GDPR};gdpr_consent=${GDPR_CONSENT_755};ltd=;dc_tdv=1)
Redesigned in 2025
### [Read full review about2026 Rivian R1T](/rivian/r1t/2026/)
Edmunds Rating
7.9/10
The R1T combines a mind-blowing mix of performance, comfort, utility and capability. Its four electric motors produce enough power to make most sports cars blush, and you can haul the family while towing an 11,000-pound trailer right behind you for a weekend of exploration. Read full review
---
MSRP
$70,990 - $119,990
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
317 mi
Compare Rivian R1T
2nd
Introduced in 2022
### [Read full review about2025 Ford F-150 Lightning Platinum](/ford/f-150-lightning/2025/)
Edmunds Rating
7.7/10
**About Ford F-150 Lightning PlatinumRead Summary Close Summary**
The F-150 Lightning is at once both futuristic and familiar. It has loads of modern technology features and yet it might be one of the most practical and job site-friendly trucks on sale today. But the Lighting's full-size truck credentials come into question when you want to tow due to modest limits and a severely restricted range. Read full review
---
MSRP
$49,780 - $84,995
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
332 mi
Compare Ford F-150 Lightning Platinum
3rd
Introduced in 2024
### [Read full review about2026 Tesla Cybertruck](/tesla/cybertruck/2026/)
Edmunds Rating
7.3/10
**About Tesla CybertruckRead Summary Close Summary**
It's hard to think of a vehicle that's more outlandish than the Tesla Cybertruck. It's a bundle of contradictions. Practical elements, such as robust towing, good range and muscular acceleration, are offset by poor outward visibility, hard-to-judge steering and disjointed body panel alignment. The Cybertruck's secret is that once you get past its polarizing, nonsensical exterior, it still feels and drives for the most part like any other Tesla. Read full review
---
MSRP
$69,990 - $99,990
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
334 mi
Compare Tesla Cybertruck
See all electric trucks
See all electric trucks
## Best Electric vans
SUVs tend to get all the press, but electric vans quietly get the job done. A van gives you the most practical shape for hauling people and cargo alike.
**Read MoreRead Less**
1. •2025 Volkswagen ID. Buzz
2. •2026 Ford E-Transit Cargo Van
Not enough vehicles yet to rank
Introduced in 2025
### [Read full review about2025 Volkswagen ID. Buzz](/volkswagen/id-buzz/2025/)
Edmunds Rating
8.1/10
At first glance, the Volkswagen ID. Buzz might seem like a novelty, a cutesy and colorful throwback to the old VW Bus. But live with this van and you'll discover that it's genuinely useful for families. There's lots of space, plenty of tech, and some clever little interior touches. More range would be nice, but the ID. Buzz is nevertheless a compelling alternative to other three-row EVs. Read full review
---
MSRP
$59,995 - $69,995
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
262 mi
Compare Volkswagen ID. Buzz
Introduced in 2015
### [Read full review about2026 Ford E-Transit Cargo Van](/ford/e-transit-cargo-van/2026/)
Edmunds Rating
5.3/10
**About Ford E-Transit Cargo VanRead Summary Close Summary**
The E-Transit is an interesting alternative to its gas-powered sibling. Its EPA-estimated range of 126 miles isn't stellar and that limits this van to use in cities. If you own a flower shop, a catering business, or make multiple trips on a usual workday in urban environments, the E-Transit makes a lot of sense. Read full review
---
MSRP
$53,260 - $56,675
Compare Ford E-Transit Cargo Van
## Best Luxury electric cars
Luxury electric cars tend to cost a lot more than mainstream models, but you also get a lot more, typically including sports-car acceleration and the latest interior tech.
**Read MoreRead Less**
1. #12026 Mercedes-Benz CLA
2. #22027 Audi A6 Sportback E-tron Ultra
3. #32026 BMW i5 eDrive40
4. #42025 Lucid Air Pure
5. #52026 Lexus ES 350e
1st
Redesigned in 2026
### [Read full review about2026 Mercedes-Benz CLA](/mercedes-benz/cla/2026/electric/)
Edmunds Rating
8.3/10
The Mercedes-Benz CLA Electric is the least expensive car we've tested that has more than 400 miles of real-world range. That by itself is impressive, but the CLA also has standout technology features and plenty of smooth power. We're not as fond of the car's distracting-to-use controls and its small trunk, but overall this is a great pick for a reasonably priced electric luxury sedan. Read full review
---
MSRP
$47,250 - $49,800
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
434 mi
Compare Mercedes-Benz CLA
2nd
Introduced in 2025
### [Read full review about2027 Audi A6 Sportback E-tron Ultra](/audi/a6-sportback-e-tron/2027/)
Edmunds Rating
8.3/10
**About Audi A6 Sportback E-tron UltraRead Summary Close Summary**
The Audi A6 Sportback E-tron is a quiet superstar. It boasts fantastic range, very quick charging capability, and an impressively smooth and quiet ride. It may not be quite as posh as some competitors on the inside, but otherwise the A6 E-tron is one of the best luxury EVs you can buy. Read full review
---
MSRP
$66,700 - $76,600
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
402 mi
Compare Audi A6 Sportback E-tron Ultra
3rd
Introduced in 2024
### [Read full review about2026 BMW i5 eDrive40](/bmw/i5/2026/)
Edmunds Rating
8.2/10
**About BMW i5 eDrive40Read Summary Close Summary**
The BMW i5 is a great pick for an electric luxury sedan thanks to its classy design, comfortable and quiet cabin, and extensive collection of helpful technology features. In fact, we think the i5 is better than the regular 5 Series and one of the best EVs on the road today. Read full review
---
MSRP
$67,100 - $84,100
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
321 mi
Compare BMW i5 eDrive40
[See all luxury electric cars](/electric-car/luxury-electric-cars/#luxury-electric-cars)
[See all luxury electric cars](/electric-car/luxury-electric-cars/#luxury-electric-cars)
## Best Small luxury electric SUVs
**Read MoreRead Less**
1. #12026 Genesis Electrified GV70
2. #22026 Genesis GV60 Performance
3. #32026 Volvo EX40 Twin Motor
4. #42026 Cadillac OPTIQ
5. #52025 Polestar 3 Launch Edition
1st
Introduced in 2022
### [Read full review about2026 Genesis Electrified GV70](/genesis/electrified-gv70/2026/)
Edmunds Rating
7.9/10
The electrified version of the Genesis GV70 compromises little and presents major gains in acceleration and smoothness compared to its gasoline-burning counterpart. Its lackluster range aside, the Electrified GV70 resets the bar on what a luxury SUV can be. Read full review
---
MSRP
$64,380 - $75,350
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
255 mi
Compare Genesis Electrified GV70
2nd
Introduced in 2023
### [Read full review about2026 Genesis GV60 Performance](/genesis/gv60/2026/)
Edmunds Rating
7.6/10
**About Genesis GV60 PerformanceRead Summary Close Summary**
The GV60 is brimming with technology, power and comfort. It's the first of many electric vehicles from Genesis that's sure to put Tesla and company on notice. Sharp design, super-quick charging capability and an unbeatable warranty round out what is simply one of the best EVs on sale. Read full review
---
MSRP
$52,525 - $71,875
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
274 mi
Compare Genesis GV60 Performance
3rd
Introduced in 2019
### [Read full review about2026 Volvo EX40 Twin Motor](/volvo/ex40/2026/)
Edmunds Rating
7.3/10
**About Volvo EX40 Twin MotorRead Summary Close Summary**
The Volvo EX40 is a renamed version of last year's XC40 Recharge. But it's more than just a new badge. A larger battery pack provides improved range, and a quicker charging capability means you'll spend less time plugged in at a public fast charger. The EX40 is a nicely appointed EV, and its price undercuts several of its closest competitors. It's one of the better small EV SUVs you can buy today. Read full review
---
MSRP
$55,150 - $60,850
EPA Range
296 mi
Compare Volvo EX40 Twin Motor
See all small luxury electric SUVs
See all small luxury electric SUVs
## Best Midsize luxury electric SUVs
**Read MoreRead Less**
1. #12026 BMW iX xDrive45
2. #22026 Mercedes-Benz EQE 320+ SUV
3. #32026 Cadillac LYRIQ
1st
Introduced in 2022
### [Read full review about2026 BMW iX xDrive45](/bmw/ix/2026/)
Edmunds Rating
7.9/10
Look past the BMW iX's styling and you'll discover one of the best electric luxury SUVs money can buy. This midsize EV is fast and has plenty of range on a full charge. The iX is also comfortable, practical and stuffed with BMW's latest technology features. Read full review
---
MSRP
$75,150 - $111,500
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
338 mi
Compare BMW iX xDrive45
2nd
Introduced in 2023
### [Read full review about2026 Mercedes-Benz EQE 320+ SUV](/mercedes-benz/eqe-suv/2026/)
Edmunds Rating
7.6/10
**About Mercedes-Benz EQE 320+ SUVRead Summary Close Summary**
The Mercedes-Benz EQE SUV impresses with its helpful technology features, solid build quality, elegant cabin and long range. It's also priced competitively. The 350+ version suffers from lackluster performance, but otherwise this is a smart pick for a luxury electric SUV. Read full review
---
MSRP
$64,950 - $97,400
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
349 mi
Compare Mercedes-Benz EQE 320+ SUV
3rd
Introduced in 2023
### [Read full review about2026 Cadillac LYRIQ](/cadillac/lyriq/2026/)
Edmunds Rating
7.4/10
**About Cadillac LYRIQRead Summary Close Summary**
The Cadillac Lyriq is everything you'd expect from a Cadillac: quiet, comfortable, easy to drive and luxurious. Throw in more than 300 miles of Edmunds Tested range and you get a very compelling EV. While not quite as polished as the BMW iX, the Lyriq does a lot right. It's easily worth considering if you want an American-made electric crossover with genuine luxury credentials. Read full review
---
MSRP
$59,200 - $83,795
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
319 mi
Compare Cadillac LYRIQ
## Best Large luxury electric SUVs
**Read MoreRead Less**
1. #12026 Rivian R1S
2. #22025 Lucid Gravity
3. #32026 Tesla Model X Long Range
4. #42027 Cadillac VISTIQ
5. #52026 Volvo EX90 Twin Motor Performance
1st
Redesigned in 2025
### [Read full review about2026 Rivian R1S](/rivian/r1s/2026/)
Edmunds Rating
7.8/10
There are plenty of off-road-capable SUVs, three-row SUVs and even electric SUVs, but there's nothing that shines in all three areas like the Rivian R1S. It's quick on the street and capable on a trail. Read full review
---
MSRP
$76,990 - $125,990
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
330 mi
Compare Rivian R1S
2nd
### [Read full review about2025 Lucid Gravity](/lucid/gravity/2025/)
Edmunds Rating
7.8/10
**About Lucid GravityRead Summary Close Summary**
The Lucid Gravity is an impressive new electric SUV. We like its quiet cabin, smooth ride and Edmunds-tested 400 miles of range. It's also impressively sporty and fun to drive. However, some build quality issues might have you questioning whether it's worth its premium price tag. Read full review
---
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
400 mi
Compare Lucid Gravity
3rd
Introduced in 2016
### [Read full review about2026 Tesla Model X Long Range](/tesla/model-x/2026/)
Edmunds Rating
7.4/10
**About Tesla Model X Long RangeRead Summary Close Summary**
A mixed bag of innovation and gimmickry, the Tesla Model X is an all-electric SUV that commands attention. Its range, punchy acceleration and quiet disposition are highlights, but its elaborate gullwing doors and questionable build quality give us some pause. Read full review
---
MSRP
$99,990 - $114,990
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
294 mi
Compare Tesla Model X Long Range
See all large luxury electric SUVs
See all large luxury electric SUVs
## Best Super luxury electric cars
Want to get the most range out of your executive-class EV? This is the segment for you. Because these cars lack all-wheel drive, they maximize the platform's range potential.
**Read MoreRead Less**
1. #12026 Mercedes-Benz EQS 450+
2. #22026 Mercedes-Benz EQS 580 4Matic
3. #32025 Rolls-Royce Spectre
4. #42026 BMW i7 xDrive60
1st
Introduced in 2022
### [Read full review about2026 Mercedes-Benz EQS 450+](/mercedes-benz/eqs/2026/)
Edmunds Rating
8.3/10
The EQS, in a nutshell, is an electric S-Class. Just like an S-Class, the EQS is comfortable, quiet and packed full of features. There are a few drawbacks, such as mediocre rear seat space, but overall the EQS is a smart pick for a luxury EV. Read full review
---
MSRP
$99,900 - $123,900
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
422 mi
Compare Mercedes-Benz EQS 450+
2nd
Introduced in 2022
### [Read full review about2026 Mercedes-Benz EQS 580 4Matic](/mercedes-benz/eqs/2026/eqs-580-4matic/)
Edmunds Rating
8.3/10
**About Mercedes-Benz EQS 580 4MaticRead Summary Close Summary**
The EQS 580 is one of the best luxury EVs around thanks to its impressive technology, driver comfort and exceptional range. Easy to drive and easy to use, the EQS 580 is a clear indication of what's to come from Mercedes-Benz. We just wish there was a little more S-Class in the EQS. Read full review
---
MSRP
$123,900
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
381 mi
Compare Mercedes-Benz EQS 580 4Matic
3rd
Introduced in 2024
### [Read full review about2025 Rolls-Royce Spectre](/rolls-royce/spectre/2025/)
Edmunds Rating
7.8/10
**About Rolls-Royce SpectreRead Summary Close Summary**
The Rolls-Royce Spectre is one of the most expensive vehicles on sale today, yet at the same time, it feels worth every penny. From the way it looks to its track-tested performance to its impressive EV range to the absolutely palatial interior, nothing else on the road right now can compete with the Spectre. It's truly a one-in-a-million type of car — and hey, it only costs half that. Read full review
---
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
281 mi
Compare Rolls-Royce Spectre
[See all super luxury electric cars](/electric-car/luxury-electric-cars/#super-luxury-electric-cars)
[See all super luxury electric cars](/electric-car/luxury-electric-cars/#super-luxury-electric-cars)
## Best Super luxury electric SUVs
**Read MoreRead Less**
1. #12026 Mercedes-Benz EQS SUV 400
2. #22026 Cadillac ESCALADE IQ
3. #32026 Mercedes-Benz Maybach EQS SUV
4. #42026 Cadillac ESCALADE IQL
5. #52026 GMC HUMMER EV SUV
1st
Introduced in 2023
### [Read full review about2026 Mercedes-Benz EQS SUV 400](/mercedes-benz/eqs-suv/2026/)
Edmunds Rating
8.0/10
The EQS SUV impressed us with its high levels of comfort, luxury and technology. On top of that, it has plenty of range. This big Mercedes is expensive, but overall we think it's justified considering all of the features and refinement you get. Read full review
---
MSRP
$89,950 - $112,450
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
373 mi
Compare Mercedes-Benz EQS SUV 400
2nd
Introduced in 2025
### [Read full review about2026 Cadillac ESCALADE IQ](/cadillac/escalade-iq/2026/)
Edmunds Rating
8.0/10
**About Cadillac ESCALADE IQRead Summary Close Summary**
The Cadillac Escalade IQ has the most range of any EV in the game, and it's packed with fun features inside and out. But the IQ's huge size makes for a compromised driving experience, not to mention the big price tag to go with it. Read full review
---
MSRP
$127,405 - $148,205
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
558 mi
Compare Cadillac ESCALADE IQ
3rd
Introduced in 2024
### [Read full review about2026 Mercedes-Benz Maybach EQS SUV](/mercedes-benz/maybach-eqs-suv/2026/)
Edmunds Rating
7.9/10
**About Mercedes-Benz Maybach EQS SUVRead Summary Close Summary**
The Maybach EQS SUV exists in a world by itself. If you want all the luxuries of an ultra-high-end SUV but demand an EV, this is your choice. It's not perfect, but the Maybach EQS SUV does all of the things you'd expect a Maybach to do while still offering a great EV experience. It's a solid first step for what is likely to be many electric products from the brand. Read full review
---
MSRP
$180,000
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
368 mi
Compare Mercedes-Benz Maybach EQS SUV
[See all super luxury electric SUVs](/electric-car/luxury-electric-suvs/#super-luxury-electric-suvs)
[See all super luxury electric SUVs](/electric-car/luxury-electric-suvs/#super-luxury-electric-suvs)
## Best Performance electric cars
Pretty much every electric car with more than one motor is going to be fast, but some EVs prioritize performance above all else. These are the true athletes of the EV world.
**Read MoreRead Less**
1. #12027 Audi S6 Sportback e-tron
2. #22026 Tesla Model 3 Performance
3. #32026 BMW i5 M60
4. #42026 BMW i4 M60
5. #52026 Dodge Charger Daytona
1st
Introduced in 2025
### [Read full review about2027 Audi S6 Sportback e-tron](/audi/s6-sportback-e-tron/2027/)
Edmunds Rating
8.6/10
The S6 Sportback E-tron is close to perfect. It's quiet, supremely comfortable, and quicker than almost any sedan on the road right now. It's also remarkably efficient and charges quickly. Our lone gripe is with the slightly tacky, too-tech-focused interior. Beyond that, the S6 rules. Read full review
---
MSRP
$79,600 - $83,300
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
361 mi
Compare Audi S6 Sportback e-tron
2nd
Introduced in 2017
### [Read full review about2026 Tesla Model 3 Performance](/tesla/model-3/2026/performance/)
Edmunds Rating
8.1/10
**About Tesla Model 3 PerformanceRead Summary Close Summary**
The Model 3 Performance is incredibly quick. But we're just as impressed with what else it offers. There's more than 300 miles of Edmunds Tested range, a quiet cabin, and nimble handling that doesn't come at the expense of ride comfort. The Performance still suffers from some quirks that all Model 3s have but overall it's a heck of a deal. Read full review
---
MSRP
$54,990
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
306 mi
Compare Tesla Model 3 Performance
3rd
Introduced in 2024
### [Read full review about2026 BMW i5 M60](/bmw/i5/2026/m60/)
Edmunds Rating
7.8/10
**About BMW i5 M60Read Summary Close Summary**
The BMW i5 is an excellent choice for an electric luxury sedan, thanks to its elegant design, comfortable and quiet interior, and a wide array of useful technology features. If you're looking for thrilling acceleration and don't require a range of 300 miles, you might want to consider the performance-oriented M60 model. Read full review
---
MSRP
$84,100
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
264 mi
Compare BMW i5 M60
[See all performance electric cars](/best/performance-electric-car/)
[See all performance electric cars](/best/performance-electric-car/)
## Best Performance electric SUVs
Want your performance wrapped in a more versatile body style? These speedy SUVs are inherently taller and heavier than their car counterparts, but it's hard to argue with the extra space.
**Read MoreRead Less**
1. #12025 Hyundai IONIQ 5 N
2. #22026 BMW iX M70
3. #32026 Ford Mach-E GT
4. #42026 Cadillac Lyriq-V
1st
Introduced in 2022
### [Read full review about2025 Hyundai IONIQ 5 N](/hyundai/ioniq-5-n/2025/)
Edmunds Rating
7.9/10
The words "fun" and "EV" are no longer mutually exclusive. The Hyundai Ioniq 5 N is just as impressive on a twisty back road as it is blistering quick to 60 mph. On top of all its mind-bending performance, the 5 N retains all the creature comforts of the standard Ioniq 5. If you want a modern, electric interpretation of a hot hatchback, the Ioniq 5 N is essentially unmatched. Read full review
---
MSRP
$66,200
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
253 mi
Compare Hyundai IONIQ 5 N
2nd
Introduced in 2022
### [Read full review about2026 BMW iX M70](/bmw/ix/2026/m70/)
Edmunds Rating
7.7/10
**About BMW iX M70Read Summary Close Summary**
The all-electric iX is something to behold, and the M70 performance version turns up the excitement by a few notches. This midsize performance EV SUV is incredibly fast and somehow remains comfortable and versatile. Some controls can be frustrating to use, but overall it's a brilliant EV SUV. Read full review
---
MSRP
$111,500
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
315 mi
Compare BMW iX M70
3rd
Introduced in 2021
### [Read full review about2026 Ford Mach-E GT](/ford/mustang-mach-e/2026/gt/)
Edmunds Rating
7.1/10
**About Ford Mach-E GTRead Summary Close Summary**
The Ford Mustang Mach-E GT offers a genuine step up in performance from the standard model while remaining comfortable and well appointed. As a bonus, the Mach-E GT delivers better efficiency and more range than other performance-oriented EVs. Read full review
---
MSRP
$53,395
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
272 mi
Compare Ford Mach-E GT
[See all performance electric SUVs](/best/performance-electric-suv/)
[See all performance electric SUVs](/best/performance-electric-suv/)
## Best Exotic performance electric cars
If cost is no object and you like feeling nauseous when you floor it, try one of these electron-munching speed demons. EV acceleration is a whole new ballgame, and these cars epitomize it.
**Read MoreRead Less**
1. #12026 Tesla Model S Plaid
2. #22026 BMW i7 M70
3. #32026 Porsche Taycan 4S
4. #42026 Mercedes-Benz AMG EQE
5. #52026 Porsche Taycan Turbo GT
1st
Introduced in 2012
### [Read full review about2026 Tesla Model S Plaid](/tesla/model-s/2026/)
Edmunds Rating
7.7/10
The Tesla Model S is comfortable and easy to drive every day. It also provides hatchback practicality and a good amount of range. It's not as luxurious as some rival German EV sedans, but it does counter with the available Plaid version, which is a performance bargain like no other. Read full review
---
MSRP
$94,990 - $109,990
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
345 mi
Compare Tesla Model S Plaid
2nd
Introduced in 2023
### [Read full review about2026 BMW i7 M70](/bmw/i7/2026/m70/)
Edmunds Rating
7.5/10
**About BMW i7 M70Read Summary Close Summary**
We love the all-electric BMW i7 for its super-smooth ride quality, library-quiet interior and long range. The M70 version largely builds on those attributes with increased performance at a commensurately elevated price. Read full review
---
MSRP
$168,500
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
320 mi
Compare BMW i7 M70
[$969/mo lease found!](/lease-deals/)
This exceptionally rare deal is $327 below typical
3rd
Introduced in 2020
### [Read full review about2026 Porsche Taycan 4S](/porsche/taycan/2026/sedan/)
Edmunds Rating
7.0/10
**About Porsche Taycan 4SRead Summary Close Summary**
The updated Porsche Taycan doesn't look wholly different from the pre-2025 original, but there's a lot that's new beneath the surface. A revised powertrain increases power and decreases charging times, making the Taycan quicker and more efficient than ever. It's still one of the best-driving EVs out there, with brisk acceleration and sporty handling. A small interior and a high base price are the Taycan's two biggest knocks, but it doesn't get much better than this when it comes to electric cars. Read full review
---
MSRP
$105,800 - $243,700
Edmunds EV Range Edmunds' real-world range test measures the distance an electric vehicle can travel on a full charge. [More info](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
307 mi
Compare Porsche Taycan 4S
[See all exotic performance electric cars](/electric-car/luxury-electric-cars/#exotic-performance-electric-cars)
[See all exotic performance electric cars](/electric-car/luxury-electric-cars/#exotic-performance-electric-cars)
Selected 0 vehicles for comparison
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2026 Mazda CX-90
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2026 Mazda CX-90
2026 Mazda CX-90
The Mazda CX-90 is the largest SUV in the Mazda Fleet, with flexible seating options to fit any family. Visit the Edmunds Family Buying Guide
[Learn More](https://servedby.flashtalking.com/click/8/311341;10757976;6354405;211;0/?gdpr=$%7BGDPR%7D&gdpr_consent=$%7BGDPR_CONSENT_78%7D&us_privacy=$%7BUS_PRIVACY%7D&ft_keyword=;311341&url=45585317)
2026 Mazda CX-90
The Mazda CX-90 is the largest SUV in the Mazda Fleet, with flexible seating options to fit any family. Visit the Edmunds Family Buying Guide
[Learn More](https://servedby.flashtalking.com/click/8/311341;10757976;6354405;211;0/?gdpr=$%7BGDPR%7D&gdpr_consent=$%7BGDPR_CONSENT_78%7D&us_privacy=$%7BUS_PRIVACY%7D&ft_keyword=;311341&url=45585317)
2026 Mazda CX-90
The Mazda CX-90 is the largest SUV in the Mazda Fleet, with flexible seating options to fit any family. Visit the Edmunds Family Buying Guide
[Learn More](https://servedby.flashtalking.com/click/8/311341;10757976;6354405;211;0/?gdpr=$%7BGDPR%7D&gdpr_consent=$%7BGDPR_CONSENT_78%7D&us_privacy=$%7BUS_PRIVACY%7D&ft_keyword=;311341&url=45585317)
## Browse other types
- [SUV](/suv/)
- [Sedan](/sedan/)
- [Coupe](/coupe/)
- [Hatchback](/hatchback/)
- [Truck](/truck/)
- [Wagon](/wagon/)
- [Convertible](/convertible/)
- [Minivan](/minivan/)
- [Electric](/electric-car/)
- [Hybrid](/hybrid/)
## Latest electric vehicle reviews
---
- [2027 Rivian R2](/rivian/r2/2027/ "2027 Rivian R2")
- [2027 Tesla Model 3](/tesla/model-3/2027/ "2027 Tesla Model 3")
- [2027 Chevrolet Blazer EV](/chevrolet/blazer-ev/2027/ "2027 Chevrolet Blazer EV")
- [2027 Chevrolet Equinox EV](/chevrolet/equinox-ev/2027/ "2027 Chevrolet Equinox EV")
- [2027 Porsche Taycan](/porsche/taycan/2027/ "2027 Porsche Taycan")
- [2026 Maserati GranCabrio Folgore](/maserati/grancabrio-folgore/2026/ "2026 Maserati GranCabrio Folgore")
Consider These RecommendationsAdvertisementAd
- [2026 Mazda CX-90 Learn More](https://servedby.flashtalking.com/click/8/311341;10978244;6354405;211;0/?gdpr=${GDPR}&gdpr_consent=${GDPR_CONSENT_78}&us_privacy=${US_PRIVACY}&ft_keyword=;311341&url=45585311)
- [2027 Genesis GV70 Learn More](https://ad.doubleclick.net/ddm/trackclk/N394602.2990EDMUNDS.COMINC/B34714599.446347658;dc_trk_aid=644838229;dc_trk_cid=225328551;dc_lat=;dc_rdid=;tag_for_child_directed_treatment=;tfua=;ltd=;dc_tdv=1)
## Video reviews
[Rivian R2 vs. Tesla Model Y](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=meCl1GoX39g)
Rivian R2 vs. Tesla Model Y
Are you ready for the ultimate electric SUV showdown? We test the highly anticipated 2027 Rivian R2 vs. Tesla Model Y to see which reigns supreme in range, tech and performance!
- [Youtube Rivian R2 vs. Tesla Model Y](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=meCl1GoX39g "Rivian R2 vs. Tesla Model Y")
- [Youtube FULLY TESTED: 2027 Rivian R2](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I5zMrb8VSk4 "FULLY TESTED: 2027 Rivian R2")
- [Youtube 2027 Tesla Model Y L First Review: The Best 3-Row Tesla](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OSecwjT5V88 "2027 Tesla Model Y L First Review: The Best 3-Row Tesla")
- [Youtube Testing the Electric Lexus ES](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NQFQVNZidSk "Testing the Electric Lexus ES")
- [Youtube EV vs. PHEV: Real-World Comparison](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Rrtd_3ibOE "EV vs. PHEV: Real-World Comparison")
- [Youtube 2027 BMW X5: The Best New Luxury SUV?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kiPFd-5ock4 "2027 BMW X5: The Best New Luxury SUV?")
- [Youtube We Bought a RAV4, and Some Other Cars...](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovOYGDfufs8 "We Bought a RAV4, and Some Other Cars...")
- [Youtube Pricing Revealed! Slate Truck and SUV Hands-On Preview](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OwScbdZEVPQ "Pricing Revealed! Slate Truck and SUV Hands-On Preview")
- [Youtube CANCELED Electric Cars. Is There Still Hope?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KzP3rbo2frk "CANCELED Electric Cars. Is There Still Hope?")
- [Youtube Is This New 400+ Mile EV Worth the Money vs. the Model 3?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rHndRoCVShY "Is This New 400+ Mile EV Worth the Money vs. the Model 3?")
- [Youtube Owning the Volvo EX30: One-Year Review](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYtueELUbXY "Owning the Volvo EX30: One-Year Review")
- [Youtube Fully Tested: Cadillac Optiq V vs. Genesis GV60 Performance](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vGyDYooknKI "Fully Tested: Cadillac Optiq V vs. Genesis GV60 Performance")
- [Youtube The Cheapest EV Is Back](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MfM8ld8E_Cw "The Cheapest EV Is Back")
- [Youtube Best EV Steals: These Are the Bargains You Should Be Looking...](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UY22NFdkLGE "Best EV Steals: These Are the Bargains You Should Be Looking At")
- [Youtube A New Outdoorsy 3-Row Electric SUV? 2027 Subaru Getaway EV](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VLSfTuauXJ8 "A New Outdoorsy 3-Row Electric SUV? 2027 Subaru Getaway EV")
- [Youtube Hands On with the 2026 Rivian R2: First Impressions, Price, ...](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WlFIxfUkt-U "Hands On with the 2026 Rivian R2: First Impressions, Price, Range, 0-60 Performance")
- [Youtube Tested: Tesla Model Y Performance vs. Model 3 Performance | ...](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5blkZ4eW-Jk "Tested: Tesla Model Y Performance vs. Model 3 Performance | How Does the SUV Stack Up?")
- [Youtube Edmunds Top Rated 2026 | The Best Cars, Trucks and SUVs for ...](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vq_Jl9QtMnE "Edmunds Top Rated 2026 | The Best Cars, Trucks and SUVs for 2026")
- [Youtube These Are the Most Exciting Cars Coming in 2026](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itjLRtigLss "These Are the Most Exciting Cars Coming in 2026")
- [Youtube U-DRAG RACE: Cadillac Escalade V vs. Escalade IQ | Handling,...](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YW1gDwpSwFg "U-DRAG RACE: Cadillac Escalade V vs. Escalade IQ | Handling, Quarter Mile & More")
## FAQ
**### What are the best electric vehicles on the market?**
Our top rated mainstream electric vehicle is the Tesla Model S for its excellent range, drivability, and practicality. Buyers looking for something with more performance and premium features should take a look at the undefined, our top-rated luxury electric SUV, or the Mercedes-Benz EQS, our top-rated luxury electric car. [Learn more](/electric-car/)
**### What is the top-rated electric vehicle for 2019?**
2019 saw the introduction of the Kia Niro EV, which jumped immediately to the top of our EV rankings. A long-range electric car with a roomy and practical cabin, the Niro EV is a good choice for small families. For luxury buyers, the Audi e-tron launched in 2019, providing an all-electric alternative to a two-row luxury SUV. The e-tron tied the Tesla Model 3 for first place in our luxury EV rankings. [Learn more](/electric-car/)
**### What is the top-rated electric vehicle for 2018?**
In 2018 the Tesla Model 3 had little competition in the EV space, offering plenty of range, performance, and technology. For more budget-minded EV buyers, the Chevrolet Bolt delivered zippy acceleration and multi-day range in a commuter friendly package, while the second-generation Nissan Leaf launched with a budget-friendly base model and longer-range Leaf Plus model. [Learn more](/electric-car/)
**### What are the best used electric vehicles to buy?**
Used electric vehicles can be an excellent value because of steeper-than-average devaluation in the first few years. Look for "CPO" or certified pre-owned vehicles if you're shopping for used EVs, and check how long the warranty on the vehicle's battery pack has left (a high-cost item should maintenance be required). Unless you've researched the pros and cons, we recommend against buying an older or higher-mileage used EV, as aging battery technology creates unique challenges. [Learn more](/electric-car/)
---
## Browse electric vehicles by brand
- [BMW](/bmw/electric-car/)
- [Chevrolet](/chevrolet/electric-car/)
- [FIAT](/fiat/electric-car/)
- [Ford](/ford/electric-car/)
- [Hyundai](/hyundai/electric-car/)
- [Kia](/kia/electric-car/)
- [Mercedes-Benz](/mercedes-benz/electric-car/)
- [Mitsubishi](/mitsubishi/electric-car/)
- [Nissan](/nissan/electric-car/)
- [smart](/smart/electric-car/)
- [Tesla](/tesla/electric-car/)
- [Volkswagen](/volkswagen/electric-car/)
[See new electric vehicles for sale](/new-electric-for-sale/)
## Am I Ready for an EV?
- EV ownership works best if you can charge at home (240V outlet)
- Adding a home charging system is estimated to cost $1,616 in
63117
- Edmunds is partnering with Treehouse, an independent provider of home EV installation services. [Learn more about the installation services partnership](https://treehouse.pro/edmunds?utm_campaign=edmunds_clickout_01&utm_content=get_free_quote&utm_source=edmunds_new_type_index&utm_targetid=71eeec3c-20a6-4dbf-b3f7-529ce651c7e1)
Need to install a charger at home?
[Get a free quote](https://treehouse.pro/edmunds?utm_campaign=edmunds_clickout_01&utm_content=get_free_quote&utm_source=edmunds_new_type_index&utm_targetid=71eeec3c-20a6-4dbf-b3f7-529ce651c7e1)
---
---
## [Edmunds Latest Electric Car News](/car-news/)
[Edmunds Tested: Electric Car Range and Consumption](/car-news/electric-car-range-and-consumption-epa-vs-edmunds.html)
[Here Are All the EVs That Come With Free Charging](/car-news/evs-with-free-charging.html)
[We Got Hands-On With the 2027 Toyota Highlander EV. It's Toyota's Most Important Electric SUV Yet](/car-news/2027-toyota-highlander-ev-debut-first-look.html)
[The Slate Auto $20,000 Electric Truck Has Huge Potential but Many Unknowns](/car-news/slate-electric-mini-truck-debut-first-look.html)
[See all car news](/car-news/)
---
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- [Used BMW I3 Electric](https://www.edmunds.com/used-bmw-i3-electric/)
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- [Mercedes Benz G](https://www.edmunds.com/mercedes-benz/g-class/2026/electric/)
- [Mercedes G Wagon](https://www.edmunds.com/mercedes-benz/g-class/2025/electric/)
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- [2025 Porsche Taycan GTS First Drive: All the Electric Performance You Need](https://www.edmunds.com/car-news/2025-porsche-taycan-gts-first-drive-review.html)
- [2026 Mercedes-Benz CLA EV First Ride: Small Electric Sedan Aims to Set a New Bar](https://www.edmunds.com/car-news/2026-mercedes-benz-cla-class-ev-first-ride-review.html)
- [Chevy Equinox EV Cargo Test: How Big Is the Trunk?](https://www.edmunds.com/car-news/chevrolet-equinox-ev-cargo-test.html)
Electric articles
- [How Does Electric Power Steering Work?](https://www.edmunds.com/car-technology/electric-power-steering.html)
- [What Is the Percentage of Electric Cars in the U.S.?](https://www.edmunds.com/electric-car/articles/percentage-of-electric-cars-in-us.html)
- [Edmunds Top Rated Electric Car 2023](https://www.edmunds.com/top-rated/electric-car/)
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- [Electric Cars With Solar Panels: Can They Work?](https://www.edmunds.com/electric-car/articles/electric-cars-with-solar-panels.html)
- [In Hydrogen vs. Electric Cars Comparison, Who Wins?](https://www.edmunds.com/electric-car/articles/hydrogen-vs-electric-cars.html)
- [Top Electric Car Companies of 2026](https://www.edmunds.com/electric-car/articles/top-electric-car-companies.html)
- [2020 Hyundai Kona Electric Review](https://www.edmunds.com/hyundai/kona-electric/2020/review/)
- [How Do Electric Cars Work? An In-Depth Guide](https://www.edmunds.com/electric-car/articles/how-do-electric-cars-work.html)
- [2021 Hyundai Kona Electric Review](https://www.edmunds.com/hyundai/kona-electric/2021/review/)
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BMW All-Electric Vehicles | BMW USA
https://www.bmwusa.com/all-electric.htmlBMW's all-electric models iclude the several sedans and gran coupes: the i4 eDrive40, i4 xDrive40, i4 M50, i5 eDrive40, i5 xDrive40, i7 eDrive50, i7 xDrive60, ...
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Polestar – Electric cars | Polestar US
https://www.polestar.com/us/We are an electric performance car brand, Lease from $499/mo $19,000 Polestar. Lease from $579/mo. $16.67 per month per $1,000
[Skip to the main content](#main-content)
[Get up to $25,000 off a new Polestar 4 cash purchase¹ or finance at 0% APR.² Available until August 31st. View offers](/us/offers/)
[Polestar](/us/)
Polestar 2
[Discover Polestar 2](/us/polestar-2/)[Test drive](/us/test-drive/booking/polestar-2/)[Offers](/us/offers/pre-owned/)
[Shop pre-owned cars](/us/preowned-cars/search-result/polestar-2/)
 
Polestar 3
[Discover Polestar 3](/us/polestar-3/)[Test drive](/us/test-drive/booking/polestar-3/)[Offers](/us/offers/new/polestar-3/)
[Shop available cars](/us/stock-cars/polestar-3/)[Shop pre-owned cars](/us/preowned-cars/search-result/polestar-3/)[Configure](/us/configure/polestar-3/)
Polestar 4
[Discover Polestar 4](</us/polestar-4-models/polestar-4-coupe/ >)[Test drive](/us/test-drive/booking/polestar-4-coupe/)[Offers](/us/offers/new/polestar-4-coupe/)
[Shop available cars](/us/stock-cars/polestar-4-coupe/)[Configure](/us/configure/polestar-4-coupe/)
Pre-owned
[Certified by Polestar](/us/preowned-cars/)[Shop pre-owned cars](/us/preowned-cars/search-result/polestar-2/)[Offers](/us/offers/pre-owned/)
Shopping tools
[Test drive](/us/test-drive/booking)[Shop available cars](/us/stock-cars/)[Shop pre-owned cars](/us/preowned-cars/search-result/polestar-2/)[Configure](/us/configure/)
[Offers](/us/offers/new/)[Financing options](/us/financing-options/)[Calculate EV savings](/us/charging/ev-savings-calculator/)[Charging & EV Incentives](/us/charging/)
[Retail locations](/us/locations/?filter=sales+car_display)[Fleet & Business](/us/fleet/)
Ownership
[Owning a Polestar](/us/owning-a-polestar/)[The Polestar Promise](/us/the-polestar-promise/)[Schedule service](/us/owning-a-polestar/service-and-maintenance/)
[Certified Collision Centers](/us/owning-a-polestar/certified-collision-centers/)[Roadside assistance](/us/owning-a-polestar/polestar-assistance/)[Manual](/us/manual/polestar-2/2025/)
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[News](/us/news/)[Newsletter sign-up](/us/sign-up-newsletter/)[Experiences](/us/experiences/)
[Support](/us/support/)[Sustainability](/us/sustainability/)[About Polestar](/us/about/)
# Polestar 4
## Lease from $499/mo
$19,000 Polestar Clean Vehicle Incentive included.³ Polestar owners get an additional $1,000 off with a Loyalty Bonus.⁴
[Shop available cars](/us/stock-cars/polestar-4-coupe/)[Calculate your EV savings](/us/charging/ev-savings-calculator/)
[https://www.polestar.com/dato-assets/94392/1777497461-ps4_homepage_hero_07.mp4](https://www.polestar.com/dato-assets/94392/1777497461-ps4_homepage_hero_07.mp4)
## Polestar 3
Lease from $579/mo.⁵ or up to $25,000 off a purchase.⁶
[Shop available cars](/us/stock-cars/polestar-3/)[Book a test drive](/us/test-drive/booking/polestar-3/)
## Polestar 2
Pre-owned Certified by Polestar vehicles available. Offers starting at 4.99% APR.⁷
[Shop pre-owned cars](/us/preowned-cars/search-result/polestar-2/)[Book a test drive](/us/test-drive/booking/polestar-2/)
[Book a test drive](/us/test-drive/booking/)
[View offers](/us/offers/new/)
[Find a retailer](/us/locations/) Book a test drive
## The Polestar Promise
### Support for every mile ahead
As we transition our operations in the U.S., your ownership experience remains our top priority. Read more about our ongoing commitment to you with dedicated resources and FAQs.
[Explore our commitment](/us/the-polestar-promise/)
## Charging Charging
Polestar owners benefit from convenient charging options, including access to NACS-compatible fast charging stations and tools like Google built-in to help find public charging stations on longer trips. Discover home charging tips for daily driving, EV incentives, and more.
[Read more on charging](/us/charging/)
## Explore the EV Savings Calculator
What does EV ownership look like for you? With the EV Savings Calculator, you can instantly explore estimated fuel cost savings, electric range, and charging solutions based on your lifestyle.
[Run the numbers](/us/charging/ev-savings-calculator/)
[Find service points](/us/owning-a-polestar/service-points/)
[Fleet & business](/us/fleet/)
[Newsletter sign up](/us/sign-up-newsletter/)
1. Polestar will provide $25,000 Clean Vehicle Incentive off MSRP for customers who purchase a new 2026 Polestar 4 vehicle with cash. See your participating Polestar Space for details. Polestar reserves the right to make changes to any information and elements at any time, e.g. to final prices, taxes, fees, etc. May not be combined with any fleet leasing or fleet management company. Dealer-affiliated fleet companies are not eligible.
Offer valid from August 1, 2026 until August 31, 2026. Must take delivery by August 31, 2026. Automobile financing and account servicing provided by Volvo Car Financial Services U.S., LLC, d/b/a Polestar Financial Services. Polestar Financial Services is a registered trademark of Polestar Holding AB.
2. % APR applies to any available, new 2026 Polestar 4 vehicle. Offer available to qualified customers that meet Polestar Financial Services (PFS) credit standards at authorized Polestar Spaces. 0% APR for 60 months at $16.67 per month per $1,000 financed applies to new 2026 Polestar 4 vehicles. Polestar will provide $18,000 Clean Vehicle Incentive off MSRP for customers who finance a new 2026 Polestar 4 vehicle through Polestar Financial Services. Rate applies to select vehicles listed.
Offer available to qualified customers that meet Polestar Financial Services (PFS) credit standards at authorized Polestar Operators. May not be combined with any fleet leasing or fleet management company. Dealer-affiliated fleet companies are not eligible. See your participating Polestar Space for details.
Offer valid from August 1, 2026 until August 31, 2026. Must take delivery by August 31, 2026. Polestar reserves the right to make changes to any information and elements at any time, e.g. to final prices, taxes, fees, etc. Not everyone will qualify for credit approval or advertised APR. Advertised financing does not include taxes, title, registration, and license fees. All offers are subject to vehicle availability. See your participating Polestar Space for details. Automobile financing and account servicing provided by Volvo Car Financial Services U.S., LLC., d/b/a Polestar Financial Services. Polestar Financial Services is a registered trademark of Polestar Holding AB.
3. Monthly lease payment of $499 per month for 27 months is based on new 2026 Polestar 4 Dual motor with an adjusted capitalized cost of $45,295 (MSRP of $64,300 including destination and delivery fee of $1,400, plus acquisition fee of $995, less $1,000 capitalized cost reduction, and $19,000 Polestar Clean Vehicle Non-cash Incentive). Actual MSRP may vary and could affect your monthly lease payment. Cash due at signing includes $1,000 down payment, $499 first month's payment and $0 security deposit. Tax, title, license, registration and dealer fees are additional fees due at signing. Lessee is responsible for excess wear and mileage over 7,500 miles/year at $0.25/mile. Incentive not valid on previous leases and has no cash value.
Offer available to qualified customers that meet Polestar Financial Services (PFS) credit standards at authorized Polestar Operators. Not everyone will qualify. May not be combined with any fleet leasing or fleet management company. Dealer-affiliated fleet companies are not eligible.
Offer valid from August 1, 2026 until August 31, 2026. Must take delivery by August 31, 2026. Advertised lease payment does not include taxes, title, registration, license, acquisition fee, insurance, maintenance, and other dealer fees. All offers are subject to vehicle availability. See your participating Polestar Space for details. Automobile financing and account servicing provided by Volvo Car Financial Services U.S., LLC, d/b/a Polestar Financial Services. Polestar Financial Services is a registered trademark of Polestar Holding AB.
4. Polestar Loyalty Program is available to an individual or member of an individual's household (proof of same address is required), who (i) has owned or leased or (ii) currently owns or leases a Polestar 1, Polestar 2, Polestar 3 or Polestar 4 vehicle. US driver’s license and proof of ownership required, please visit your Polestar Space for details. Limit one incentive per eligible VIN. Polestar Automotive USA Inc. will pay $1,000 towards a lease or the purchase of a new, unused 2026 Polestar 4 vehicle. The Loyalty incentive amount can be used by the customer to pay off any remaining lease payments of a current Polestar lease contract, excess wear and use, excess mileage, and any other obligations, if the customer decides to terminate an existing PFS lease earlier than its maturity date. All standard monthly term options are eligible under the new PFS contract.
Offer cannot be used toward the payment of sales tax. This offer is subject to federal, state, and local taxes. No trade-in or lease termination required. Offers are non-transferable. Not redeemable for cash. Incentive paid to Polestar Space and requires Polestar Space participation. May not be combined with any fleet leasing or fleet management company. Dealer-affiliated fleet companies are not eligible.
Offer valid from August 1, 2026 until August 31, 2026. Must take delivery place on or before August 31, 2026. Offer available to qualified customers that meet Polestar Financial Services (PFS) credit standards at authorized Polestar Spaces. Not everyone will qualify. Advertised lease payment does not include taxes, title, registration, license, acquisition fee, insurance, maintenance, and other dealer fees. Automobile financing and account servicing provided by Volvo Car Financial Services U.S., LLC, d/b/a Polestar Financial Services. Polestar Financial Services is a registered trademark of Polestar Holding AB.
5. Monthly lease payment of $579 per month for 27 months is based on Polestar 3 Long range Dual motor with an adjusted capitalized cost of $50,795 (MSRP of $74,800 including destination and delivery fee of $1,400, plus acquisition fee of $995, less $5,000 capitalized cost reduction, and $20,000 Polestar Clean Vehicle Non-cash Incentive). Actual MSRP may vary and could affect your monthly lease payment. Cash due at signing includes $5,000 down payment, $579 first month's payment and $0 security deposit. Tax, title, license, registration and dealer fees are additional fees due at signing. Lessee is responsible for excess wear and mileage over 7,500 miles/year at $0.25/mile. Incentive not valid on previous leases and has no cash value.
Offer available to qualified customers that meet Polestar Financial Services (PFS) credit standards at authorized Polestar Operators. Not everyone will qualify. Offer valid from August 1, 2026 until August 31, 2026. Advertised lease payment does not include taxes, title, registration, license, acquisition fee, insurance, maintenance, and other dealer fees. All offers are subject to vehicle availability. Must take delivery by August 31, 2026. See your participating Polestar Space for details. Automobile financing and account servicing provided by Volvo Car Financial Services U.S., LLC, d/b/a Polestar Financial Services. Polestar Financial Services is a registered trademark of Polestar Holding AB.
6. Polestar will provide $25,000 Clean Vehicle Incentive off MSRP for customers who purchase a new 2025 Polestar 3 vehicle with cash or through promotional financing. See your participating Polestar Space for details. Polestar reserves the right to make changes to any information and elements at any time, e.g. to final prices, taxes, fees, etc. Available to qualified customers that meet Polestar Financial Services (PFS) credit standards at authorized Polestar Operators. Not everyone will qualify. May not be combined with any fleet leasing or fleet management company. Dealer-affiliated fleet companies are not eligible.
Offer valid from August 1, 2026 until August 31, 2026. Must take delivery by August 31, 2026. Automobile financing and account servicing provided by Volvo Car Financial Services U.S., LLC, d/b/a Polestar Financial Services. Polestar Financial Services is a registered trademark of Polestar Holding AB.
7. Offer of 4.99% APR for up to 60 months applies to available Polestar Pre-owned Polestar 2 models only and valid if financed through Polestar Financial Services (PFS). Available to qualified customers that meet PFS credit standards at authorized Polestar Spaces. Not everyone will qualify for credit approval or advertised APR. Other rates and terms are available. All offers are subject to vehicle availability. Offer valid from August 1, 2026 until August 31, 2026. Must take delivery on or before August 31, 2026. See your participating Polestar Space for details.
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GM Electric Vehicles, Charging & Technology | General Motors
https://www.gm.com/innovation/electric-vehiclesThe General Motors EV portfolio includes vehicles like the Chevrolet Blazer EV, the Chevrolet Silverado EV, the All-Electric Cadillac LYRIQ, the GMC HUMMER EV ...Read more
# Discover the power of GM EVs [Find your EV](#evs) View important information.[1-3](#) ## The EV future is here Pioneering innovation, awe-inspiring performance. Every day, we’re advancing the frontiers of what’s possible with our all-electric lineup. #1 Broadest range of EV models to choose from[4](#) 13 Electric vehicle models across our brands 2nd Largest volume of EVs sold in the U.S.[5](#) ## Find the EV for your drive View important information.[6-17](#) ## Solutions to power your world At home and on the road, you deserve freedom. GM Energy gives you the smart power you need as you live, work, and explore.  #### **Flexible and fast at-home chargers** Our GM Energy PowerShift charger is bidirectional, so when paired with the GM Energy V2H Enablement Kit, your properly equipped home can draw on energy from your V2H-capable GM EV[18](#) during a blackout[19](#).  #### **Home energy systems that put you in control** Store up to 20hrs of power from compatible solar panels or the grid with our GM Energy Storage Bundle[20](#). It helps you stay prepared for emergencies or when energy costs spike. ## 250,000+ chargers await Enter your location to find EV charging near you  DC Fast  Level 2 ## Leading the charge in electrification ### “I’m grateful to be surrounded by our talented team here and world-class battery technology infrastructure that puts us in a great position for industry leadership. Let’s keep driving forward.”  **Kurt Kelty**, *VP of Battery, Propulsion, and Sustainability* Kelty is a globally recognized leader in battery technology. Since joining GM in 2024, he’s helped push the boundaries of battery innovation and propulsion technology. [Learn more](https://news.gm.com/home.detail.html/Pages/topic/us/en/2025/apr/0408-american-battery-technology.html) ## Destination: electrification Powerful partnerships, manufacturing innovations, and a charging network poised for exponential growth. We’re making sure the future for EVs is bright.  Pioneering battery technology ### The award-winning LMR battery chemistry we’re developing is expected to bring premium range and performance at a more affordable cost to drivers in the near future Public Charging Commitment ### We’re leading the charge, partnering with Pilot Travel Centers and EVgo to put public chargers where people need them most  [/content/dam/company/img/us/en/gmcom/v4_webready/Electric_Vehicles/Factory-Zero_Final.mp4](/content/dam/company/img/us/en/gmcom/v4_webready/Electric_Vehicles/Factory-Zero_Final.mp4) Factory Zero ### We are all in on EVs—with our first, fully dedicated 4.51 million square foot EV assembly plant Spring Hill ### We’ve invested $2.3 billion in the future of EVs with our second battery cell manufacturing plant  ## Zero emissions. All business. The all-electric walk-in van will now be available and can be serviced at participating certified Chevrolet dealers, offering commercial customers added convenience. [BrightDrop EV Van](https://www.gmenvolve.com/fleet/electric-vehicles/chevrolet-brightdrop) ## GM in the news Want to learn more? Is General Motors a leader in electric vehicles? Yes, GM is leading the industry forward with a bold commitment to an all-electric future. We’ve made [EVs](https://www.gm.com/innovation/electric-vehicles?evar25=gm_com_faq) a top strategic priority across every brand in our portfolio, combining innovation, performance, and design to create electric vehicles for every kind of driver as part of our zero emissions vision. How many types of electric vehicles does General Motors offer? GM offers a growing lineup of [electric vehicles](https://www.gmenvolve.com/fleet/electric-vehicles?evar25=gm_com_faq) across segments. From the [Chevrolet Equinox EV](https://www.chevrolet.com/electric/equinox-ev?evar25=gm_com_faq) to the [GMC HUMMER EV](https://www.gmc.com/electric/hummer-ev/pickup-trucks-suvs?evar25=gm_com_electrification), and [All-Electric Cadillac LYRIQ](https://www.cadillac.com/electric/lyriq?evar25=gm_com_electrification), our portfolio already includes more than a dozen EVs—with more on the way. Whatever your lifestyle or driving needs, we’re building the EV that’s right for you. What is GM energy? [GM Energy](https://gmenergy.gm.com/?evar25=gm_com_faq) is a business run by GM. It is dedicated to expanding how we power our lives on and off the road. It offers energy management solutions like home charging, battery storage, and vehicle-to-home technology that work seamlessly with our electric vehicles. It’s all part of GM’s commitment to building a more sustainable, resilient future. Is GM only focused on electric vehicles? While electric vehicles are a core focus, GM also continues to invest in [broad range of vehicles](https://www.gm.com/our-brands?evar25=gm_com_faq) that are created using environmentally friendly practices. How long does it take to charge an electric vehicle? [EV charging](https://gmenergy.gm.com/ev-charging?evar25=gm_com_faq) time depends on your charger, battery size, and weather conditions. At home, [the GM Energy Powershift Charger](https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/gmenergy.gm.com/ev-charging__;!!O7V3aRRsHkZJLA!Ftfwrb37vsm1bKIw_Avy7mZpUQLR4cr0ddQh07bbkKffXauQsBy4srVfjdfDLJZI5LunEToWnHMLtlGoR6gGiWKvOHms$) provides fast Level 2 EV Charging, up to 51 miles of range per charge hour[21](#). What is the best electric vehicle? The best electric vehicle depends on your lifestyle and budget. General Motors offers a range of electric vehicles to fit the unique and evolving needs of consumers and businesses. The General Motors EV portfolio includes vehicles like the [Chevrolet Blazer EV,](https://www.chevrolet.com/electric/blazer-ev "https://www.chevrolet.com/electric/blazer-ev") the [Chevrolet Silverado EV](https://www.chevrolet.com/electric/silverado-ev "https://www.chevrolet.com/electric/silverado-ev"), the [All-Electric Cadillac LYRIQ](https://www.google.com/search?q=Cadillac+LYRIQ&rlz=1C5GCCM_en&oq=Cadillac+LYRIQ&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOdIBCDMwOTZqMGo0qAIAsAIA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 "https://www.google.com/search?q=Cadillac+LYRIQ&rlz=1C5GCCM_en&oq=Cadillac+LYRIQ&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOdIBCDMwOTZqMGo0qAIAsAIA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8"), [the GMC HUMMER EV SUV](https://www.gmc.com/electric/hummer-ev/suv "https://www.gmc.com/electric/hummer-ev/suv"), and [BrightDrop Zevo vans](https://www.gmenvolve.com/fleet/electric-vehicles/brightdrop-zevo "https://www.gmenvolve.com/fleet/electric-vehicles/brightdrop-zevo"), just to name a few. How much does it cost to charge an electric vehicle? Costs vary based on electricity rates and charger type. On average, charging a vehicle at home is the most time-and-cost-effective method[13](#), with it potentially costing more to charge at public charging stations. What’s the difference between an EV and ICE? An [EV (electric vehicle)](https://www.gm.com/innovation/electric-vehicles?evar25=gm_com_faq) runs on a battery and electric motor, producing zero tailpipe emissions. An ICE (internal combustion engine) vehicle runs on gasoline or diesel and emits greenhouse gases. At GM, we’re investing in EVs to help drive toward a future with Zero Emissions without compromising on performance, design, or choice. What do I need to know about electric vehicle tax credits? A purchaser of a qualified electric vehicle may qualify for a federal new Clean Vehicle[22](#) or new Commercial Clean Vehicle[23](#) tax credit of up to $7,500. Along with federal tax credits, many states offer EV rebates and special offers. Visit your local dealership or check your state’s website to learn more. Which electric vehicle has the longest range? GM offers several long-range electric vehicles (EVs), including the [Chevrolet Silverado EV](https://www.chevrolet.com/electric/silverado-ev?evar25=gm_com_faq) (up to 492 miles[24](#)), the [2025 GMC Sierra EV Denali](https://www.gmc.com/electric/sierra-ev?evar25=gm_com_faq) (up to 460-miles[25](#)). GM is committed to advancing battery capabilities for EVs and continues to expand its lineup with high-range models across [Chevrolet](https://www.chevrolet.com/electric/lineup?evar25=gm_com_faq), [GMC](https://www.gmc.com/electric-vehicles?evar25=gm_com_faq), [Buick](https://www.buick.com/explore/news/electric-vehicle-future?evar25=gm_com_faq), and [Cadillac](https://www.cadillac.com/electric?evar25=gm_com_faq). 1. Cadillac-estimated 460 miles. On a full charge based on development testing and/or analytical projection consistent with SAE J1634 revision 2017 – MCT. Range subject to change prior to production. Actual range may vary based on several factors, including ambient temperature, terrain, battery age and condition, loading, and how you use and maintain your vehicle. 2. GM-estimated. On a closed course only. Based on initial vehicle movement. 3. GM estimated. Model year 2026 Trail Boss with Wide Open Watts. 4. Based on latest competitive data available. 5. For the 2024 year GM was the #2 seller of EVs in the U.S. across the second half of 2024. GM was the leading seller of full-sized pickups for the fifth straight year – with the highest annual sales since 2007. GM was the top seller of full-size sport utility vehicles for an astonishing 50th straight year. 6. Quote references the 2025 Chevrolet Equinox EV which has available 319 miles EPA-estimated electric range with FWD, on a full charge. Actual range may vary based on several factors, including ambient temperature, terrain, battery age and condition, loading, and how you use and maintain your vehicle. Shown in image is the 2025 Chevrolet Equinox EV, followed by an environmental image of the 2024 Chevrolet Equinox model. 7. On a full charge with the 2025 Blazer EV RS RWD. Actual range may vary based on several factors, including ambient temperature, terrain, battery age and condition, loading, and how you use and maintain your vehicle. 8. Available on model year 2025 LT. Based on preliminary GM testing. May require optional trailering equipment to achieve maximum capacity. Maximum trailering ratings are intended for comparison purposes only. Before you buy a vehicle or use it for trailering, carefully review the trailering section of the Owner’s Manual. The trailering capacity of your specific vehicle may vary. The weight of passengers, cargo and options or accessories may reduce the amount you can trailer. 9. On a full charge based on development testing and/or analytical projection consistent with SAE J1634 revision 2017 – MCT. Range subject to change prior to production. Actual range may vary based on several factors, including ambient temperature, terrain, battery age and condition, loading, and how you use and maintain your vehicle. 10. Quote references the 2025 Cadillac Escalade IQ. Shown in image is the 2025 Cadillac Escalade IQ, followed by an environmental image of the 2025 Cadillac Escalade IQ. 11. When equipped with 11.5 kW onboard charging module. Based on GM segmentation. On a full charge. Actual range may vary based on several factors, including ambient temperature, terrain, battery age and condition, loading, and how you use and maintain your vehicle. 12. Quote references the 2026 Cadillac Lyriq-V. Shown in image is the 2026 Cadillac Lyriq-V, followed by an environmental image of the 2026 Cadillac Lyriq-V. 13. Available on model year 2025. 14. Quote references the 2025 Cadillac Optiq. Shown in image is the 2025 Cadillac Optiq, followed by an environmental image of the 2025 Cadillac Optiq. 15. Available on 2025 HUMMER EV 3X trim without the Extreme Off-Road Package. GM Estimated on a full charge based on development testing and/or analytical projection consistent with SAE J1634 revision 2017 – MCT. Range subject to change prior to production. Actual range may vary based on several factors, including ambient temperature, terrain, battery age and condition, loading, and how you use and maintain your vehicle. 16. Quote references the 2025 GMC Hummer EV SUV. Shown in image is the 2025 GMC Hummer EV SUV, followed by an environmental image of the 2025 GMC Hummer EV SUV. 17. Quote references the 2025 GMC Sierra EV Denali. Shown in image is the 2025 GMC Sierra EV Denali, followed by an environmental image of the 2025 GMC Sierra EV Denali. 18. Actual production will vary. The GM Energy PowerShift Charger and GM Energy V2H Enablement Kit shown requires an adequately charged V2H-capable GM EV, a properly equipped home, and proper grid interconnection. Weather conditions, life of the battery, vehicle variation and usage, and other external factors may impact the capability and duration of power supply. Power supply may be interrupted. Anticipated V2H-capable GM EVs listed [here](https://gmenergy.gm.com/support/faqs). Some eligible 24MY EVs will require a dealership or over-the-air update to enable V2H capability. 19. V2H-capable GM EVs: 24MY Silverado EV, 24MY Sierra EV, 24MY Chevrolet Blazer EV, 24MY Chevrolet Equinox EV, 24MY Cadillac LYRIQ, 25MY Silverado EV, 25MY Sierra EV, 25MY Chevrolet Blazer EV, 25MY Chevrolet Equinox EV, 25MY Cadillac LYRIQ, 25MY Cadillac OPTIQ, 25MY Cadillac Escalade IQ, 26MY VISTIQ (anticipated 26MY LYRIQ, 26MY LYRIQ-V, 26MY ESCALADE IQ/IQL). Some eligible 24MY EVs will require a dealership or over-the-air update to enable V2H capability. 20. The GM Energy Storage Bundle requires a fully charged and properly equipped PowerBank, and proper grid interconnection. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates average daily home energy appliance usage to be 30 kWh. Weather conditions, life of the battery, PowerBank usage and other external factors may impact the duration of time. Power supply may be interrupted: not recommended for medical devices. 21. Actual charge times will vary based on vehicle, battery starting state of charge, battery condition, output of charger, vehicle settings and battery temperature. See the Owner’s Manuals for your vehicle and charger for additional details & limitations. 22. If the vehicle was not used as a courtesy transportation vehicle by your dealer, then the vehicle may qualify for the federal new clean vehicle tax credit under Section 30D of the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA). IRS-qualified dealers eligible to offer the tax credit and participating dealers may apply the tax credit at the point of sale toward the vehicle price. See dealer for details and to confirm vehicle tax credit qualification. Your personal eligibility to claim this tax credit depends on your individual circumstances, including whether your adjusted gross income for the current or preceding taxable year exceeds the income thresholds contained in Section 30D. Buyers are advised to obtain a copy of the IRS's confirmation that a "time-of-sale" report was submitted successfully by the dealer. You should consult your tax, accounting or legal advisor to confirm your eligibility or if you have questions regarding this tax credit. This information does not constitute tax, accounting or legal advice. Credit availability and amount subject to federal law and regulations and manufacturing constraints. For information about the IRA’s federal tax credit, please visit <https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/taxevb.shtml>. 23. **Qualifying vehicles that are purchased by businesses and certain tax-exempt organizations may qualify for the federal commercial clean vehicle credit of up to $7,500 under Section 45W of the Internal Revenue Code. Qualifying vehicles must not have been previously allowed a tax credit under Sections 30D or 45W of the Internal Revenue Code. Eligibility to claim this tax credit depends on the particular circumstances of the entity claiming the credit, including the anticipated holding period for the vehicle and, for certain tax-exempt organizations, whether the organization complies with pre-filing registration procedures required by the Internal Revenue Service. Maximum credit amount may be influenced by the purchase price of a qualifying vehicle, the incremental cost of the vehicle over a comparable vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine, and other factors. You should consult your tax, accounting or legal advisor to confirm your eligibility or if you have questions regarding this tax credit, including how to determine incremental cost. This information does not constitute tax, accounting or legal advice. Credit availability and amount subject to federal law and regulations. For information about the IRS federal tax credit, please visit <https://www.irs.gov/credits-deductions/commercial-clean-vehicle-credit>. 24. GM Estimate. On a full charge. Actual range will vary based on several factors, including ambient temperature, terrain, battery age and condition, loading, and how you use and maintain your vehicle. 25. GM-estimated. Requires available Max Range battery. On full charge based on development testing and/or analytical projection consistent with SAE J1634 revision 2017 - MCT. Range subject to change prior to production. Actual range may vary based on several factors, including ambient temperature, terrain, battery age and condition, loading, and how you use and maintain your vehicle.